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FIGURE 8 in A redescription and a synonym in the South Asian millipede genus Xenobolus Carl, 1919 (Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURE 8. Xenobolus carnifex (Fabricius, 1775) (A–C), original illustrations adopted from Carl (1919) and Xenobolus acuticonus Attems, 1936 (D), original illustrations adopted from Attems (1936).

FIGURE 9 in A redescription and a synonym in the South Asian millipede genus Xenobolus Carl, 1919 (Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURE 9. Currently known distribution records of Xenobolus carnifex (Fabricius, 1775)../. records from literature:. type locality, new record (Maha Iluppalama is omitted from the map due to the unavailability of geographic coordinates).

FIGURE 6 in A redescription and a synonym in the South Asian millipede genus Xenobolus Carl, 1919 (Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURE 6. Xenobolus carnifex (Fabricius, 1775) (MILLI-ADSH0007), male. A: Anterior gonopods, ventral view. B: Same, dorsal view. C: Same, mesal view. D: Telopodite of left posterior gonopod, ventral view. E: Left posterior gonopod, dorsal view. F: Enlarged view of distal part of left telopodite, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A = apodeme, cRT = conical process of retrorse process, CO = coxite, gT1 = first globular process of telopodite, gT2 = second globular process of telopodite, hMsB = hook-like process of mesal branch, lmMsB = lamellate process of mesal branch, mCO = mesal process of coxite, MnB = main branch, MsB = mesal branch, msST = median spatula-shaped process of sternite, RT = retrorse process, ST = sternite, tMsB = trapezoid process of mesal branch. Digit 1 claw-shaped mesal process, 2 branched process, 3 conical process. Scale bars: A–C, E = 1 mm; D, F = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A redescription and a synonym in the South Asian millipede genus Xenobolus Carl, 1919 (Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURE 2. Xenobolus carnifex (Fabricius, 1775) (MILLI-ADSH0007). A, D: Head and anterior trunk segments, lateral view. B: Legs 1–7, ventral view. C, E: Telson, lateral view. F: Left antenna, lateral view. G: Gnathochilarium, ventral view. A–C, F–G male, D–E female. Scale bars: A–B, D–E = 2 mm; C = 1 mm; F–G = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A redescription and a synonym in the South Asian millipede genus Xenobolus Carl, 1919 (Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURE 3. Xenobolus carnifex (Fabricius, 1775) (MILLI-ADSH0007), male legs 1–7. A: Leg-pair 1, ventral view. B: Leg-pair 2, ventral view. C: Leg-pair 3 (partly damaged), ventral view. D: Leg-pair 4, ventral view. E: Leg-pair 5, ventral view. F: Legpair 6, dorsal view. G: Leg-pair 7, oblique dorsal view. Scale bars: A–G = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A redescription and a synonym in the South Asian millipede genus Xenobolus Carl, 1919 (Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURE 1. Field photographs of Xenobolus carnifex (Fabricius, 1775). A: Male from Pullodu in Trippalur, Palakkad (MILLI- ADSH0007). B: Female from Pullodu in Trippalur, Palakkad (MILLI-ADSH0007). Photo courtesy Jimmy Paul.

FIGURE 3. Zehntnerobolus hoffmani n in Re-discovery after more than a century: a redefinition of the Malagasy endemic millipede genus Zehntnerobolus, with a description of a new species (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURE 3. Zehntnerobolus hoffmani n. sp., holotype (FMMC 4014), schematic drawings. A: posterior body end; B: left midbody leg, posterior view; C: anterior gonopods, anterior view; D: anterior gonopods, posterior view; E: right posterior gonopod, overview, posterior view; F: right posterior gonopod, apical part, mesal view; G: right posterior gonopods, apical part, anterior view. Abbreviations: av = paraproct; Cx = coxite; Cx-p = coxite process; mem-fr = membraneous fringe; Pre = epiproct; sc = efferent duct (sperm canal); St = sternite; sub = hypoproct; T = telopodite; Tp = telopodite process. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Zehntnerobolus hoffmani n in Re-discovery after more than a century: a redefinition of the Malagasy endemic millipede genus Zehntnerobolus, with a description of a new species (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURE 2. Zehntnerobolus hoffmani n. sp., holotype (FMMC 4014), multi-layer photographs. A: head and anterior five rings, lateral view; B: midbody with ozopores, lateral view; C: posterior body end; D: head and anterior five rings, ventral view; E: anterior gonopods, posterior view; F: posterior gonopods, posterior view; G: posterior gonopods, anterior view. Abbreviations: av = paraproct; Co = collum; Cx = coxite; Gn = gnathochilarium; IL= incisura lateralis; Md = mandible; Mes = mesozonite; Met = metazonite; O = ozopore; Pre = epiproct; sc = efferent duct (sperm canal); St = sternite; sub = hypoproct; T = telopodite; Tp = telopodite process. Not to scale.

FIGURE 84 in East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURE 84. Known distribution of East African Pachybolini, except Hadrobolus crassicollis and Epibolus pulchripes. dots (●): Crurifarcimen vagans, filled diamonds (♦): Hyperbolus apicomplexus, open diamonds (♢): Hyperbolus morogoroensis, filled triangle (˔): Parabolus dimorphus, inverted open triangle(): Parabolus calceus, inverted filled triangle (ˑ): Pachybolus tectus,, filled square(․): Pachybolini indet. Based on Yahoo maps.

FIGURES 81–82 in East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURES 81–82. Epibolus pulchripes, right posterior gonopods, posterior view. 81: male from Kenya, Mombasa, 82: lectotype, from Tanzania, Zanzibar. From Enghoff (1977).

FIGURES 51–53 in East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURES 51–53. Parabolus dimorphus, female from the vicinity of Dar-es-Salaam, Brinkmann leg., right vulva. 51: posteriolateral view, 52: basis of vulva with operculum; 53, apical appendix. Scales: 1 mm (51), 0.1 mm (52–53). ap: apical appendix, op: operculum. SEM.

FIGURES 73–77 in East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURES 73–77. Hadrobolus crassicollis, original drawings by R.L. Hoffman, from type specimen. 73: anterior gonopod sternum, left coxite, and left telopodite, anterior view, 74: right anterior gonopod, posterior view, 75–77: posterior gonopod, different views.

FIGURES 47–50. Parabolus dimorphus. 47 in East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURES 47–50. Parabolus dimorphus. 47: male from the vicinity of Dar-es-Salaam, Brinkmann leg., gonopods (without left anterior gonopod coxa and telopodite), anterior view, 48: do., posterior view, 49: male from "Deutsch Ost-Afrika", Eichelbaum leg., right posterior gonopod, anterior view, 50: do., posterior view. Scales 2 cm. acp: apical clublike process, bs: basal sclerite, cx: coxa, is: intermedite segment, k: keel, sl: serrate lobe, st: sternum, tlp: telopodite.

FIGURES 78–80. Epibolus pulchripes. 78 in East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURES 78–80. Epibolus pulchripes. 78: male from Tanzania, E Usambara Mts., Mgambo Forest Reserve, right posterior gonopod posterior view, #79: female from Kenya, Tiwi, left vulva, anterior view, 80: do., right vulva, lateral view. Scales 1 mm (78), 0.1 mm (79-80). ap: apical appendix, cr: protruding crest, ma: lateral moveable appendix. SEM.

FIGURES 54–57. Parabolus calceus, paratypes. 54 in East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURES 54–57. Parabolus calceus, paratypes. 54: anterior gonopods, without right telopodite, anterior view, 55: do., posterior view, 56: left posterior gonopod, anterior view, 57: do, posterior view. Scale for all: 2 cm. cx: coxa, mr: mesobasal ridge, st: sternum, tlp: telopodite, tt: triangular tooth.

FIGURES 58–72 in East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURES 58–72. Plate LII from Cook (1899), relabelled. 58–65. Pachybolus tectus. 58: head and first six body rings, lateral view, 59: telson: lateral view, 60: male leg, 61: gonopods, anterior view, 62: do: posterior view, 63: do: lateral view, 64: posterior gonopod, posterior-lateral view, 65: do., anterior-mesal view. 66–72. Hadrobolus crassicollis. 66: gonopods, anterior view, 67: do., posterior view, 68: do., lateral view, 69: posterior gonopods, anterior-lateral view, 70: do., posterior-mesal view, 71: male leg, 72: first six body rings.

FIGURE 83 in East African giant millipedes of the tribe Pachybolini (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae)

FIGURE 83. Relationships in Pachybolini as indicated by a cladistic analysis. Strict consensus of 12 most parsimonious trees under equal character weights.