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FIGURE 5 in On the evolution of the species complex Pachycondyla chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), including the origin of its invasive form and description of a new species

FIGURE 5. Characters of male coloration and mandible of P. nakasujii (A, B), P. chinensis (C, D) and P. luteipes (E, F). Black arrows indicate the mandible.

FIGURE 6 in On the evolution of the species complex Pachycondyla chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), including the origin of its invasive form and description of a new species

FIGURE 6. Currently known distribution of P. nakasujii (A) and P. chinensis (B) in Japan. Each dot may indicate more than one site if they are located less than 20 km apart.

FIGURE 2 in On the evolution of the species complex Pachycondyla chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), including the origin of its invasive form and description of a new species

FIGURE 2. Mean (± SD) of the biometric measurements of P. nakasujii and P. chinensis (n = 13 and 35, respectively).

FIGURE 4 in On the evolution of the species complex Pachycondyla chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), including the origin of its invasive form and description of a new species

FIGURE 4. Characters of worker propodeum and petiole. The left side of worker propodeum and petiole of P. nakasujii (A), P. chinensis (C) and P. luteipes (E), and the posterior face of worker petiole of P. nakasujii (B), P. chinensis (D) and P. luteipes (F) (Scanning electron microscopy photographs). Horizontal white arrow: PW. Also see Japanese Ant Database Group (2003).

FIGURE 1 in On the evolution of the species complex Pachycondyla chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), including the origin of its invasive form and description of a new species

FIGURE 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the species complex Pachycondyla chinensis based on mitochondrial sequences of the COI region. The corresponding posterior probabilities (≥0.70) are shown by the branch. The horizontal bar represents a distance of 0.1 substitutions per site. GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses.

FIGURES 59–64 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 59–64. Distributional maps of Pachycondyla wasmannii-group from the Malagasy region. Fig. 59: P. c o m o re n s i s; Fig. 60: P. p e r ro t i; Fig. 61: P. planicornis; Fig. 62: P. tavaratra; Fig. 63: P. v a z i m b a; Fig. 64: P. wasmannii.

FIGURES 53–58 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 53–58. Distributional maps of Pachycondyla wasmannii-group from the Malagasy region. Figs 53–57: P. cambouei: Fig. 53: Form 1, Fig. 54: Form 2 (full square), Form 4 (full triangle), Form 5 (full circle); Fig. 55: Form 3, Fig. 56: Form 6, Fig. 57: Form 7; Fig. 58: P. m a s oa l a.

FIGURES 42–47 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 42–47. Full-face view of the head and lateral view of the body of the worker caste. Figs 42–43: Pachycondyla perroti, CASENT0048930; Figs 44–45: Pachycondyla planicornis, CASENT0096369; Figs 46–47: Pachycondyla tavaratra, CASENT0410152.

FIGURES 48–52 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 48–52. Full-face view of the head and lateral view of the body of the worker caste, and form of the femora of the Malagasy Pachycondyla in dorsal view. Figs 48–51: Full-face and lateral views of worker: Figs 48–49: Pachycondyla vazimba, CASENT0034562; Figs 50–51: Pachycondyla wasmannii, CASENT0031384; Fig. 52: Dorsal view of P. m a s o a l a showing the flattened basal portion of the femora.

FIGURES 30–39 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 30–39. Full-face view of the head and lateral view of the body of the worker caste of Pachycondyla cambouei and its various forms; Figs 30–31: Form 4, CASENT0034474; Figs 32–33: Form 5, BLF0976(40)-2; Figs 34–35: Form 6, CASENT0027983.

FIGURES 36–41 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 36–41. Full-face view of the head and lateral view of the body of the worker caste. Figs 36–37: Form 7 of Pachycondyla cambouei, AntWeb CASENT0034493; Figs 38–39: Pachycondyla comorensis, CASENT0410164; FigsFigs 40–41: Pachycondyla masoala, CASENT0317384.

FIGURES 24–29 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 24–29. Full-face view of the head and lateral view of the body of the worker caste of Pachycondyla cambouei and its various forms; Figs 24–25: Form 1, CASENT0101404; Figs 26–27: Form 2, CASENT0029098; Figs 28–29: Form 3, CASENT0034270.

FIGURES 13–14 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 13–14. Mesosoma in profile; Fig. 13: the dorsal outline of mesosoma forming a continuous convexity in P. perroti; Fig. 14: the dorsal outline of mesosoma showing a distinct blunt angle between the propodeal dorsum and the declivity in P. c a m b o u e i.

FIGURES 15–23. Morphological character variation within P. c a m b o u e i. Figs 15–17 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 15–23. Morphological character variation within P. c a m b o u e i. Figs 15–17: Head in profile showing the shape of the occipital corner. Fig. 15: Normally rounded in form 1; Fig. 16: Protruding as a lobe in form 2; Fig. 17: Hornlike extension in form 3. Figs 18–19: Mesosoma in lateral view showing hairs on propodeal dorsum. Fig. 18: Hairs present in form 1; Fig. 19: Hairs absent in form 4. Figs 20–21: Anterodorsal angles of pronotum. Fig. 20: Bidentate in form 5; Fig. 21: Smoothly rounded in form 6. Figs 22–23: Sculpture and pubescence on fourth abdominal tergite. Fig. 22: Smooth and shiny between large punctures and pubescence absent (form 1); Fig. 23: With closely-spaced small punctures between large punctures and abundant pubescence (form 6).

FIGURES 7–8 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 7–8. Petiole in dorsal view; Fig. 7: petiole node anteroposteriorly flattened in P. m a s o a l a, about twice as broad as long; Fig. 8: petiole nodiform, about as long as broad (e.g., P. cambouei).

FIGURES 3–4 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 3–4. Shape of the clypeus and location of the eyes when head in full-face view; Fig. 3: P. t a v a r a t r a, anterior clypeal margin broadly triangular; eyes breaking the lateral margin of head; Fig. 4: P. c o m ore n s i s, anterior clypeal margin truncate; eyes not breaking the lateral margin of head.

FIGURES 1–2 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 1–2. Full-face view of the head showing the length of the antennal scape; Fig. 1: scape surpassing the posterior cephalic margin; Fig. 2: scape not surpassing the posterior cephalic margin.

FIGURES 11–12 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 11–12. Mesosoma in lateral view; Fig. 11: mesopleural sulcus of P. wasmannii complete; Fig. 12: mesopleural sulcus of P. v a zi m ba indistinct.

FIGURES 5–6 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 5–6. Antennal scape and leading edge viewed from the back; Fig. 5: basally dorsoventrally flattened and thin in P. planicornis; Fig. 6: subcylindrical and rounded (e.g., P. cambouei).

FIGURES 9–10 in Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region

FIGURES 9–10. Fourth abdominal tergite in dorsal view; Fig. 9: Anterior half of the fourth abdominal tergite with dense small punctures between larger ones; Fig. 10: Anterior half of the fourth abdominal tergite smooth and shining.