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FIG. 15 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals

FIG. 15. — Upper molar proportions in Euungulata, "Condylarthra", SANUs, and the kollpaniines from Tiupampa described here. Molar proportions are plotted in the developmental 'morphospace' (Kavanagh et al. 2007; Polly 2007) where the white region is consistent with the IC model; the broken line is the relationship predicted for lower molar of murine rodents (see Material and methods and Table 8). Abbreviations: Kalith., Kalitherium.

FIG. 11 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals

FIG. 11. — Pucanodus gagnieri: partial right mandible with m2-3 (MHNC 13869): A, stereophotograph of occlusal view; B, the same in labial view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals

FIG. 4. — Molinodus suarezi: partial maxilla (MHNC 13870) with incomplete M1-2 and complete M3. Stereophotograph of occusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals

FIG. 7. — Simoclaenus sylvaticus: partial right mandible with alveolus of p1, root of p2-3, p4 and m1 (MHNC 13872): A, stereophotographs of occlusal view; B, the same in lateral view; C, the same in medial view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals

FIG. 2. — Partial left mandible of Molinodus suarezi (MHNC 13867) bearing p3-m3: A, stereophotographs of the occlusal view; B, lingual view; C, labial view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 13. — A, B in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals

FIG. 13. — A, B, Lamegoia conodonta; C, didolodontidae indet.; A, occlusal view of a left m2 of Lamegoia conodonta (cast of holotype MNRJ 1463-V); B, occlusal view of a right M2 (reversed) of Lamegoia conodonta (cast of MNRJ 1465-V); C, occlusal view of a left M2 (cast of MNRJ 1464-V) of and undetermined didolodont (referred by Paula Couto [1952a] to L. conodonta). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 5 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals

FIG. 5. — Molinodus suarezi: partial maxilla (MHNC 13870): A, occlusal view; B, lingual view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 14 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 14. — Phylogenetic relationships of Incadelphys among other metatherians:strict consensus tree (Consistency index [CI] = 0.401; Retention index [RI] = 0.609) of the two shortest trees resulting from the analysis with downweighted homoplastic characters (with Goloboff k = 3); black number above nodes indicate the minimum and maximum numbers of synapomorphies. The name of clade designated as "SAMI" is a working term composed with the initials of the four genera it includes: Szalinia, Aenigmadelphys, Marmosopsis, and Incadelphys.

FIG. 12 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 12. — Aenigmadelphys archeri, SEM photos of casts: A, left M3 (holotype, OMNH 23328) in occlusal view; B, right m3 (OMNH 20531)in occlusal view; C, the same in labial view; D, the same in lingual view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 11 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 11. — Occlusal view of the M1 of some basal metatherians discussed in text showing the distolabial extension of the metastylar lobe: A, Aenigmadelphys (OMNH 22898), SEM photo of cast; B, Incadelphys (YPFB Pal 6251), SEM photo of cast; C, Incadelphys (MHNC 13906); D, Marmosopsis (MNHN.F.ITB83). Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 10 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 10. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, lateral view of the right dentary; B, medial view of the right dentary; C, lateral view of the left dentary; D, medial view of the left dentary; E, ventral view of the left dentary. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 9 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 9. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: B, right lateral view of the anterior skull. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 9 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 9. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, left lateral view of the anterior skull. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 8 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 8. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, dorsal view of the anterior skull; B, ventral view of the anterior skull. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 6 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 6. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, stereopair of the left lower tooth row in occlusal view; B, stereopair of the right lower tooth row in occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 4. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: B, stereopair of the left maxilla and upper tooth row in occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 5 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 5. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906:A, lateral view of the right upper tooth row; B, lateral view of the left upper tooth row. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 4. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, stereopair of the right maxilla and upper tooth row in occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 7. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, lateral view of the right lower tooth row; B, medial view of the right lower tooth row; C, lateral view of the left lower tooth row; D, medial view of the left lower tooth row. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 3 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 3. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906, partial skull with dentaries: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, left lateral view; D, right lateral view; E, right dentary in lateral view; F, left dentary in lateral view. Scale bar: 5 mm.