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FIGURE 1 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 1. Geographic sketch showing the location of the plant-bearing sites. For locality numbers see Table 1.

FIGURE 6 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 6. Representation of modern European vegetation formations for the test set of fossil assemblages as delivered by Drudges 1 and 2. Formation H - Hygrophilous thermophytic mixed deciduous broadleaved forests; Formation G - Thermophilous mixed deciduous broadleaved forests; Formation F - Mesophytic broadleaved deciduous and mixed broadleaved/conifer forests; Formation D - Mesophytic and hygromesophytic coniferous and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests; Formation C - Subarctic, boreal and nemoral-montane open woodlands as well as subalpine and oro-Mediterranean vegetation. More detailed information on subdivisions and units is available in Appendix 9.

FIGURE 4 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 4. Representation of East Asian and European vegetation types and formations as delivered by Drudges 1 and Drudge 2 for the IPR Similarity, Taxonomic Similarity (TS), and Results Mix. See also Appendix 8.

FIGURE 8 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 8. Mean annual temperature (MAT), warm-month mean temperature (WMMT), and cold-month mean temperature (CMMT) based on CLAMP and the Coexistence Approach (CA) for the fossil plant record (sources are Kvaček et al., 2011; Teodoridis and Kvaček, 2015; Teodoridis et al., 2009, 2012, 2015, 2017). black columns: minimum CA. light grey columns: maximum CA, narrow, dark grey columns: CLAMP result. For more comprehensive climate data see Appendix 10.

FIGURE 9 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 9. Climate parameters of the modern European vegetation Formations F, G, and H based on Bohn et al. (2004) and Traiser and Mosbrugger (2004) represented as columns spanning the minimum and maximum of the respective data. Vegetation of Formation F tends to lower temperatures (note, however, that climate data for formations F.3 – F.1 are more complex). Vegetation of Formation G tends to lower MAP. Asterisks indicate single data points (no climate interval was available). The data are listed in Appendix 11. Abbreviations: MAT = mean annual temperature; WMMT = warm-month mean temperature; CMMT = cold-month mean temperature; MAP = mean annual precipitation.

FIGURE 3 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 3. Modern vegetation types/formations delivered as proxies by Drudges 1 and 2 for the test set of fossil assemblages. Shown are the five best fitted results for the Taxonomic Similarity (TS) and the overall scores (synthesis of all similarity approaches), i.e., 25 proxies for every plant assemblage. Pastel colours represent East Asian vegetation types, bright colours European vegetation formations. For more detailed information see Appendix 4 which provides interactive colour signature (moving the cursor over the columns provides the designation of the proxies and their relevance for every fossil assemblage).

FIGURE 2 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 2. Modern vegetation types/formations delivered as proxies by Drudges 1 and 2 for the test set of fossil assemblages. Shown are the five best fitted results for the IPR Similarities based on Drudge 1 and Drudge 2 and for the Results Mix based on Drudge 1 and Drudge 2. Pastel colours represent East Asian vegetation types, bright colours European vegetation formations. For more detailed information see Appendix 4 which provides interactive colour signature (moving the cursor over the columns provides the designation of the proxies and their relevance for every fossil assemblage).

FIGURE 7 in Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia

FIGURE 7 (previous page). Representation of modern European vegetation formations for the test set of fossil assemblages as delivered by Drudges 1 and 2 in more detail (see also Appendix 9). Formation H: H001, Colchic lowland to submontane mixed oak forests, in black; H002, Hyrcanian lowland-colline mixed broadleaved forests, in dark grey; H003, Hyrcanian colline to montane oak forests, in light grey. Formation G: G.1 - Subcontinental thermophilous (mixed) pedunculate oak and sessile oak forests, in black; G.2 - Sub-Mediterranean-subcontinental thermophilous bitter oak and Balkan oak and mixed forests, in dark grey; G.3 - Sub-Mediterranean and meso-supra-Mediterranean downy oak and mixed forests, in light grey; G.4 - Iberian supra- and meso-Mediterranean oak forests, in white. Formation F: F.1 - Species-poor acidophilous oak and mixed oak forests, in black; F.2 - Mixed oak-ash forests, in dark grey; F.3 - Mixed oak-hornbeam forests, in light grey; F.4 Lime-pedunculate oak forests, in white; F.5 - Beech and mixed beech forests, hatched lower left to upper right; F.6 - Oriental beech forests and hornbeam-oriental beech forests, hatched upper left to lower right; F.7 - Caucasian mixed hornbeam-oak forests, hatched vertically. Formation F, F.5 - Beech and mixed beech forests: F.5.1.1 - Species-poor oligotrophic to mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, lowland(-colline) types, in black; F.5.1.2 - Species-poor oligotrophic to mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, colline-submontane types, in dark grey; F.5.1.3 - Species-poor oligotrophic to mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, montane-altimontane types, in light grey; F.5.2.1 - Species-rich eutrophic and eu-mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, colline-submontane types, in white; F.5.2.2 - Species-rich eutrophic and eu-mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, colline-submontane types, hatched lower left to upper right; F.5.2.3 and 4 - Species-rich eutrophic and eu-mesotrophic beech and mixed beech forests, montane-altimontane types, hatched upper left to lower right. Formation D: D.1 - Western boreal spruce forests, in black; D.2 - Eastern boreal pine-spruce and fir-spruce forests, in dark grey; D.3 - Hemiboreal spruce and fir-spruce forests with broad-leaved trees, in light grey; D.4 - Montane to altimontane, partly submontane fir and spruce forests in the nemoral zone, in white; D.5 - Boreal and hemiboreal pine forests, hatched lower left to upper right; D.6 - Montane to altimontane (subalpine) pine forests in the nemoral zone; hatched upper left to lower right.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Compilations of Palaeogene deep-sea diatom-bearing sediments and associated data

deep_sea_diatoms.xls contains a compilation of Palaeogene deep-sea diatom-bearing sediments and associated cherts. rads_from_smear_slides.csv is an update on the radiolarian dataset reported in Renaudie (2016). ageprofiles_tab.csv contains a compilation of deep-sea drilling sites containing sediments of specific ages.

Figs. 8–10 in Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman

Figs. 8–10: Cyclotopsis praecursor sp. nov. Fig. 8: Thaytiniti, holotype NMBE 5018970 in frontal, apical and ventral view; Fig. 9: Wadi Darbat, paratype NMBE 5018974 in frontal, apical and ventral view; Fig. 10: Cyclotopsis semistriatum (SOWERBY, 1843), syntype NHMUK 20030591, India, Poona.

Figs. 25–26 in Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman

Figs. 25–26: Species of Helicarionidae. Fig. 25: Trochozonites arabica sp. nov., Wadi Darbat, holotype NMBE 5018988 in frontal, apical and lateral view. Fig. 26: Trochozonites plumaticostata, Ituri Forest, Penge (from Pilsbry 1919).

Figs. 18 –20 in Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman

Figs. 18 –20: Species of Cerastidae. Fig. 18a: Cerastus praeinsularis sp. nov., Wadi Darbat, holotype NMBE 5018986 in frontal view. Fig. 18b: ditto, detail of last teleoconch whorls with the periomphalum. Fig. 19: C. praeinsularis sp. nov., only upper whorls preserved, Wadi Darbat, paratype NMBE 5019050. Fig. 20: Achatinelloides hadibuensis, Yemen, Soqotra Isl., Wadi Ayhaft, leg. K. van Damme. Details not to scale.

Fig. 7 in Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman

Fig. 7: Lanistes thaytinitiensis sp. nov. Thaytiniti, holotype NMBE 5018966 in frontal, apical and ventral view.

Figs. 11–12 in Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman

Figs. 11–12: Succinea omanensis sp. nov. Fig. 11: Wadi Darbat, holotype NMBE 5018975 in frontal and ventral view. Fig. 12: Paratype NMBE 5018976, same locality.

Figs. 5– 6 in Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman

Figs. 5– 6: Lanistes tricarinatus sp. nov. Fig. 5: Wadi Darbat, holotype NMBE 5018963 in frontal, apical and ventral view. Fig. 6: Parataype NMBE 5018964 showing a specimen with the carinae.

Fig. 4 in Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman

Fig. 4: Pila sp. Wadi Darbat NMBE 5018961, frontal and apical view. The remains of the operculum can still be seen in the frontal view, lower part of the aperture.

Figs. 21–24 in Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman

Figs. 21–24: Species of Subulinidae. Fig. 21: Cast of? Zootecus sp., Wadi Darbat NMBE 5018987. Fig. 22: Zootecus insularis, lectotype ZMB 109990, Yemen, Insula Cameran. Fig. 23: Zootecus lucidissimus, SMF 320191, Yemen, Sana'a, Wadi beni Mansur close to al-Hajima, 15°05.105'N 43°52.818'E, leg. Neubert. Fig. 24: Zootecus contiguus, syntype NHMUK 1987.033, Yemen, Socotra Archipelago, Abd el-Kuri. Detail not to scale.

Fig. 15a in Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman

Fig. 15a: Achatina sculpturata sp. nov. Wadi Darbat, holotype NMBE 5018982 in frontal view. Figs 15b and 15c show details of the holotype shell; details not to scale.

Figs. 16–17 in Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman

Figs. 16–17: Species of Cerastidae. Fig. 16a: Cerastus pseudoena sp. nov., Wadi Darbat, holotype NMBE 5018985 in frontal view. Fig. 16b: ditto, detail of protoconch and upper teleoconch whorls; detail not to scale. Fig. 17: Cerastus girwanensis CONOLLY, 1941, SMF 311620, Saudi Arabia, Asir province, Wadi al-Sharan S of Bani Sa'ad, 1750 m alt, leg. E. Neubert.