Find research datasets worth reusing

Figure 3 in Comparative ossification and development of the skull in palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)

Figure 3. Evolution of embryonic and adult palatal morphology of the ratites (phylogeny sensu Bledsoe, 1988, palaeognathous characters 1–3 sensu Zusi & Livezey, 2006). Top row: adult morphology (Parker, 1869, 1891; Beddard, 1898; Simonetta, 1960; Zusi & Livezey, 2006; Silveira & Höfling, 2007). Bottom row: embryonic morphology. Gallus (Jollie, 1957), Rhea, Apteryx (Parker, 1891), and Dromaius are all stage 37; Struthio (Parker, 1866) is slightly older; Aepyornis (Balanoff & Rowe, 2007) and Eudromia (Tinamidae) are late-stage individuals. The palatine is shaded to facilitate comparison.

Figure 2 in Comparative ossification and development of the skull in palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)

Figure 2. Palatal view of selected palaeognath embryos. A, B, Struthio camelus (modified from Parker, 1866). C, Rhea americana, stage 37 (day 17 of incubation, RM 7219). D, Rhea americana (modified from Müller, 1963). E, Dromaius novaehollandiae, stage 37 (day 28 of incubation, RM 8026). F, Eudromia elegans, day 14 of incubation (YPM 112524). Scale bars = 5 mm. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; exo, exoccipital; mx, maxilla; pal, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; psl, parasphenoid lamina; psr, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; v, vomer.

Figure 5. A–E in A new Transantarctic relationship: morphological evidence for a Rheidae-Dromaiidae-Casuariidae clade (Aves, Palaeognathae, Ratitae)

Figure 5. A–E, pelves in ventral view: (A) Eudromia elegans I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832 (MNHN-LAC 1891-1132); (B) Struthio camelus (MNHN-LAC 1923-954); (C) Pterocnemia pennata (MNHN-LAC 1892-1108); (D) Dromaius novaehollandiae (MNHN-LAC 1923-956); (E) Casuarius casuarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (MNHN-LAC 1983-18). F–J, pelves in dorsal view: (F) E. elegans (MNHN-LAC 1891-1132); (G) S. camelus (MNHN-LAC 1923-954); (H) P. pennata (MNHN-LAC 1892-1108); (I) D. novaehollandiae (MNHN-LAC 1923-956); (J) C. casuarius (MNHN-LAC 1983-18). Scale bars: 10 mm.

Figure 1 in A new Transantarctic relationship: morphological evidence for a Rheidae-Dromaiidae-Casuariidae clade (Aves, Palaeognathae, Ratitae)

Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships between ratites proposed in previous studies. A, Cracraft (1974) and Lee et al. (1997), excluding Aepyornithidae. B, Bledsoe (1988). C, Livezey & Zusi (2007). D, Prager et al. (1976), Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), Harrison et al. (2004) and Slack et al. (2006). E, Cooper et al. (1992, 2001), Cooper (1997) and Lee et al. (1997), excluding Dinornithidae. F, Lee et al. (1997), excluding Dinornithidae, Haddrath & Baker (2001) and Paton et al. (2002).

Figure 3. A, B in A new Transantarctic relationship: morphological evidence for a Rheidae-Dromaiidae-Casuariidae clade (Aves, Palaeognathae, Ratitae)

Figure 3. A, B, cava craniorum in left lateral view: (A) Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758 (MNHN-LAC 1928-15); (B) Dromaius novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) (MNHN-LAC 1900-429). C, D, cava craniorum in caudal view: (C) S. camelus (MNHN-LAC 1928-15); (D) D. novaehollandiae (MNHN-LAC 1900-429). E–H, cava tympanicorum in rostroventral view: (E) S. camelus (MNHN-LAC 1928-15); (F) Pterocnemia pennata (D'Orbigny, 1834) (MNHN-LAC 1923-930); (G) D. novaehollandiae (MNHN-LAC 1989-89); (H) Casuarius sp. (MNHN-LAC 1966-245). I, basis cranii externa and cavum tympanicum of Apteryx haastii Potts, 1872 (BMNH 1900-1-4-4) in ventral view. J–M, cava tympanicorum in ventral view: (J) S. camelus (MNHN-LAC 1928-15); (K) P. pennata (MNHN-LAC 1923-930); (L) D. novaehollandiae (MNHN-LAC 1989-89); (M) Casuarius sp. (MNHN-LAC 1966-245). Scale bars: 10 mm.

Figure 2 in A new Transantarctic relationship: morphological evidence for a Rheidae-Dromaiidae-Casuariidae clade (Aves, Palaeognathae, Ratitae)

Figure 2. Single most parsimonious tree showing the phylogenetic relationships between ratites. Length (L), 170; consistency index (CI), 0.87; retention index (RI), 0.95. Numbers above branches correspond to Bremer-support indices. Unambiguous synapomorphies (with homoplastic ones marked with an asterisk): node A, 42(0); node B, 6(1), 17(1), 51(1), 58(1), 67(1), 74(1), and 111(1); node C, 3(1)*, 8(1), 12(1), 23(1), 31(1), 35(1), 44(1), 49(1), 81(1), 89(1), 101(1), 115(1), and 118(1); node D, 25(1), 26(1), 33(1), 47(1), 71(1)*, 87(1), 92(1), 97(1), and 99(1); node E, 79(1)*, 84(1), 85(1)*, and 87(2); node F: 7(1), 28(1), 71(2), and 123(1); node G, 7(2), 15(1), 28(2), and 44(2); node H, 27(1) and 127(1); node I, 5(1), 16(1), 29(1), 38(1), 86(1), 91(1), 93(1), 98(1), 102(1)*, 107(1), 114(2), 116(1), 120(1), 122(1), and 125(1); node J, 11(1), 13(1), 16(2), 61(1), 94(1), 96(1); 113(1), and 119(1); node K, 21(1), 70(1), 72(1)*, 75(1), 82(1)*, 103(1), 105(1), 109(1), and 121(1); node L, 1(1), 2(1), 4(1), 6(2), 9(1), 14(1), 18(1), 20(1), 21(2), 34(1), 39(1), 43(1), 48(1), 70(2), 78(1), 83(1), 88(1), 95(1), 104(1), 109(2), 112(1), 117(1), 124(1), and 128(1); node M, 14(2), 18(2), 45(1), 54(1), 60(1), 64(1), 73(1), 76(1), and 100(1); node N, 19(1), 22(1), 24(1), 30(1), 32(1), 34(2), 36(1), 40(1), 41(1), 43(2), 46(1), 50(1), 56(1), 57(1), 66(1)*, 68(1), 69(1), 77(1), 88(2), 103(2), 110(1), 117(2), 122(2), and 129(1).

Figure 4 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)

Figure 4. Graph of stage (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951) of first occurrence of ossification for fore- and hindlimb elements for chicken, turkey, emu and rhea embryos. The order in which the elements are presented is standardized against the chicken sequence. Stage 40.5 is the same as stage 40+ in the text, whereas stage 45 represents elements that are ossified in the adult but unossified in the oldest embryo examined. The digit number is in roman numerals; the phalanges are numbered proximally to distally in arabic numerals.

Figure 2 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)

Figure 2. Lateral view of the hindlimb and pelvic girdle of palaeognath embryos. A–C, Dromaius novaehollandiae: A, stage 32 (RM 8052); B, stage 36 (day 25 of incubation, RM 8023); C, stage 40+ (day 36 of incubation, RM 8034). E–G, Struthio camelus: E, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112437); F, day 21 of incubation (YPM 112444); G, day 34 of incubation (YPM 112459). I, J, Eudromia elegans: I, day 10 of incubation (YPM 112520); J, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112525). D, H, Rhea americana: D, stage 34 (day 14 of incubation, RM 7217); H, stage 40+ (day 26 of incubation, RM 7223). Grey shaded regions represent cartilage; black regions represent ossified tissue. The density of stippling reflects the relative degree of ossification. Scale bar, 5 mm.

Figure 3 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)

Figure 3. Comparable developmental stages of Meleagris gallopavo (A), Rhea americana (B) and Dromaius novaehollandiae (C). Each embryo is at stage 34 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951) and to the same scale. Arrows mark the proximal and distal extents of the developing wings. Scale bar, 1 cm.

FIGURE 5. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 in A redescription of Lithornis vulturinus (Aves, Palaeognathae) from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark

FIGURE 5. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 (MGUH 26770), Early Eocene of Denmark, close-up of the right shoulder girdle and proximal end of humerus. Anatomical abbreviations: ac, acromion; ah, facies articularis humeralis; bc, crista bicipitalis; ca, caput humeri; C12-15, vertebrae cervicales; dp, crista deltopectoralis; fs, facies articularis sternalis; fu, furcula; ih, intumescentia humeri; ip, impressio musculi pectoralis; ms, impressio musculi sternocoracoidei; pa, processus acrocoracoideus; pl, processus lateralis; sc, scapula; T1, vertebra thoracica 1. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

FIGURE 1. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 in A redescription of Lithornis vulturinus (Aves, Palaeognathae) from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark

FIGURE 1. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 (MGUH 26770), Early Eocene of Denmark, articulated skeleton. Anatomical abbreviations: al, phalanx digiti alulae; an, anulus ossicularis sclerae; at, atlas; ax, axis; cd, condylus dorsalis; co, costae vertebrales; cv, condylus ventralis; C3-12, vertebrae cervicales; dl, crista iliaca dorsolateralis; dm, left phalanx digiti minoris; dM1, left phalanx proximalis digiti majoris; dM2, left phalanx distalis digiti majoris; dp, crista deltopectoralis; fr, frontale; ft, foramina intertransversaria; fu, furcula; la, lacrimale; lc, left carpometacarpus; lh, left humerus; lp, lamina parasphenoidalis; lr, left radius; ls, left scapula; lu, left ulna; md, mandibula; mm, os metacarpale minus; ol, olecranon; po, ala postacetabularis ilii; pr, ala preacetabularis ilii; ra, left radiale; rc, right coracoideum; rh, right humerus; rs, right scapula; T1-8, vertebrae thoracicae; ul, left ulnare. Scale bar equals 2 cm.

FIGURE 6. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 in A redescription of Lithornis vulturinus (Aves, Palaeognathae) from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark

FIGURE 6. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 (MGUH 26770), Early Eocene of Denmark, close-up of the pelvis and vertebrae thoracicae in right lateral view. Anatomical abbreviations: cc, fovea costalis capituli; cp, crest of scapus pubis; dl, crista iliaca dorsolateralis; fo, foramen obturatum; ii, fenestra ilioischiadica; is, ischium; mf, median foramen pneumaticum; pf, pneumatic foramina; pi, processus uncinatus; po, ala postacetabularis ilii; pr, ala preacetabularis ilii; ps, processus spinosus; pt, processus transversus; pu, pubis; sc, scapula; sy, synsacrum; tp, tuberculum preacetabulare; T4-8, vertebrae thoracicae; zc, zygapophysis caudalis. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

FIGURE 2. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 in A redescription of Lithornis vulturinus (Aves, Palaeognathae) from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark

FIGURE 2. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 (MGUH 26770), Early Eocene of Denmark, skull in caudal view. Anatomical abbreviations: ao, foramen rami occipitalis arteriae ophthalmicae externae; ap, ala parasphenoidalis; at, atlas; cl, condylus lateralis of quadratum; ct, crista nuchalis transversa; dm, impressio musculi depressor mandibulae; fs, fossa subcondylaris; lp, lamina parasphenoidalis; oc, ostium canalis carotici; pa, processus paroccipitalis; pb, processus basipterygoideus; pl, processus lateralis; pm, processus medialis; pr, processus retroarticularis; pt, pterygoideum; sb, fossa subtemporalis; vo, foramen venae occipitalis externae; zy, processus zygomaticus; X, foramen nervi glossopharyngealis plus foramen nervi vagi; XII, foramina nervorum hypoglossi. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

FIGURE 3. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 in A redescription of Lithornis vulturinus (Aves, Palaeognathae) from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark

FIGURE 3. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 (MGUH 26770), Early Eocene of Denmark, skull in ventral view. Anatomical abbreviations: at, atlas; ax, axis; cb, ceratobranchiale; cp, caudal process of os palatinum; C3-5, vertebrae cervicales; dm, impressio musculi depressor mandibulae; fb, facies articularis basipterygoidea; fc, fossa choanalis; mh, medial hook of pterygoideum; oc, ostium canalis carotici; oe, groove for the arteria and vena ophthalmicae externae; pa, processus paroccipitalis; pb, processus basipterygoideus; pf, pterygoid fossa; po, processus oticus; pr, processus retroarticularis; rp, rostrum parasphenoidale; ta, tuba auditiva; vo, vomer; zy, processus zygomaticus; X, foramen nervi glossopharyngealis plus foramen nervi vagi. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

FIGURE 4. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 in A redescription of Lithornis vulturinus (Aves, Palaeognathae) from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark

FIGURE 4. Lithornis vulturinus Owen, 1840 (MGUH 26770), Early Eocene of Denmark, skull in right lateral view. Anatomical abbreviations: aj, arcus jugalis; an, apertura nasi ossea; cc, caudal convexity of lacrimale; cq, cotyla quadratojugalis; dz, small depression on processus zygomaticus; fc, fenestra caudalis; fp, sutura frontoparietalis; fr, fenestra rostralis; jl, articulatio jugolacrimalis; lg, lateral groove of mandibula; mf, medial fossa of mandibula; or, processus orbitalis of lacrimale; po, processus orbitalis of quadratum; pp, processus postorbitalis; sc, ossa sclerae; su, processus supraorbitalis; tf, fossa temporalis. Scale bar equals 1 cm.

Figure 3 in The evolution of tinamous (Palaeognathae: Tinamidae) in light of molecular and combined analyses

Figure 3. Divergence-date estimates obtained with the two alternative molecular matrices (black lines, complete; grey lines, RAG2 only). In both cases, the fossil-based calibration scheme used the Diogenornis age constraint (see Table 1). Nodes used in fossil calibration are marked with diamonds.

Figure 2 in The evolution of tinamous (Palaeognathae: Tinamidae) in light of molecular and combined analyses

Figure 2. Relationships of the tinamous using a combined matrix of molecular and morphological data as inferred by Bayesian inference (BI) (Supporting Information, Fig. S7). The subtree topology in the inset was recovered under maximum parsimony (MP). Well-supported nodes having support values> 90% under MP and> 0.95 under BI are marked by dots on the cladogram. Differences among the BI topology and the topologies obtained with the MP (Supporting Information, Fig. S6) and maximum likelihood (ML) searches (Supporting Information, Fig. S8) are marked in grey and with an X, respectively.

Figure 1 in The evolution of tinamous (Palaeognathae: Tinamidae) in light of molecular and combined analyses

Figure 1. Bayesian inference (BI) majority consensus tree based on the concatenated molecular data, showing the phylogenetic relationships of tinamous (see also Supporting Information, Figs S6–S8). The maximum likelihood (ML) tree topology was identical to that of the BI tree. Clade-support values are indicated above branches (posterior probability under BI/bootstrap values under ML/bootstrap values under maximum parsimony, respectively).

Figure 3. A in Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, Struthio (Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies

Figure 3. A, ternary diagrams comparing intramembral (length) proportions of femur (F): tibiotarsus (TT): tarsometatarsus (TM) in the extant ratites and moas. Data for Struthio are from the present work; for other ratites from Dickison (2007). See Supporting Information (Table S19) for the ternary ratios shown in the diagram. B, ternary diagrams comparing intramembral (length) proportions of tibiotarsus (TT): tarsometatarsus (TM): pedal digit III phalanx 1 (III/1) in the extant ratites and moas. Data for Struthio are from the present work; for other ratites from Dickison (2007) for the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus and from Farlow et al. (2013) for the phalanx. See Supporting Information (Table S20) for the ternary ratios shown in the diagrams. C, ternary diagrams comparing intramembral (length) proportions of tarsometatarsus (TM): pedal digit III phalanx 1 (III/1): pedal digit III phalanx 2 (III/2) in the extant ratites and moas. Data for Struthio are from the present work; for other ratites from Dickison (2007) for the tarsometatarsus and from Farlow et al. (2013) for the phalanges. See Supporting Information (Table S21) for the ternary ratios shown in the diagrams. Point labels: An, Anomalopteryx didiformis; Ap, Apteryx (the mean for Apteryx australis, Apteryx mantelli and Apteryx oweni); Ca, Casuarius (the mean for Casuarius casuarius, Casuarius unappendiculatus and Casuarius bennetti); Di, Dinornis (the mean for Dinornis robustus and Dinornis novaezealandiae); Dr, Dromaius novaehollandiae; Em, Emeus crassus; Eu, Euryapteryx curtus (the mean for Euryapteryx curtus curtus and Euryapteryx curtus gravis); Me, Megalapteryx didinus; Pa, Pachyornis (the mean for Pachyornis australis, Pachyornis elephantopus and Pachyornis geranoides; Rh, Rhea (the mean for Rhea americana and Rhea pennata); Sc, Struthio camelus (the mean for Struthio camelus australis, Struthio camelus camelus and Struthio camelus massaicus); Sc+Sm, the mean for Struthio camelus and Struthio molybdophanes; Scs, Struthio camelus syriacus; Ss, Struthio camelus spatzi.

Figure 4 in The evolution of tinamous (Palaeognathae: Tinamidae) in light of molecular and combined analyses

Figure 4. Taxonomic distribution and optimization of phenotypic characters: eggshell coloration, development of postacetabular pelvis and changes in plumage pattern (characters 9, 101 and 185, described in more detail in the Supporting Information, Appendix S1). For the data matrix, see the Supporting Information (Appendix S2). Further discussion is provided in the main text.