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158 results for “Palmer Station”
Dissolved inorganic nutrients including 5 macro nutrients: silicate, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium from water column bottle samples collected between October and April at Palmer Station, 1991 - 2025.
The inorganic plant macronutrients dissolved phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium are the major sources of nutrition for phytoplankton growth in seawater (with sunlight and inorganic carbon). Macronutrient distributions reflect the large-scale circulation patterns in the oceans and are useful properties to delineate water masses. Dissolved inorganic nutrients samples are typically collected in every Niskin bottle sample collected at and near Palmer Station, Anvers Island, Antarctica on the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Water samples are collected throughout the water column at stations within the Palmer LTER region (primarily B and E, to 50m and 65m respectively). Beginning in the 2020-2021 season, Station B is no longer sampled. In Antarctic waters, dissolved inorganic macronutrients are seldom depleted to limiting concentrations except during heavy prolonged phytoplankton blooms. This is due to the fact that phytoplankton growth is more often limited by light or iron, and to the short growing season. Water samples are analyzed for dissolved nutrients with recognized standard oceanographic protocols for nutrient autoanalyzers (continuous flow analyzers).
Merged discrete water-column data from annual PAL LTER field seasons at Palmer Station, Antarctica, from 1991 to 2025.
Water samples are collected throughout the water column at regular stations within the Palmer LTER region at Palmer Station, on Anvers Island, Antarctica. CTD casts are preformed and water collected using go-flo bottles or a rosette. Near-surface waters are also sampled occassionally at the Palmer Station seawater intake (pumphouse). This dataset is the compilation of water samples collected at these stations, merged from other PAL-LTER datasets. Data includes water column Chlorophyll and Phaeopigment concentrations; phytoplankton accessory pigments -including other chlorophyll's (e.g. chlorophyll b), xanthophylls, and carotenes; primary production rates; bacterial production; dissolved organic carbon; particulate organic carbon and nitrogen; dissolved inorganic nutrients; dissolved oxygen, and dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity. Measurements of phytoplankton Fv/Fm measured using a FIRe (Fluorescence Induction and Relaxation) fluorometer are also included, though caution is urged as FIRe data has not been corrected nor QCed. Conductivity, temperature, depth, and associated data from instruments on the CTD/sampling rosette (e.g. PAR, beam transmission) for each sampling depth are also included. Phytoplankton accessory pigment data is unavailable for the Palmer 2009-2010 season due to instrumentation problems and for the Palmer 2011-2012 season due to a freezer failure which resulted in the loss of samples. There is a temporary data gap for the Palmer 2015-2016, 2016-2017, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, 2023-2024, and 2024-2025 seasons because those samples have not been analyzed yet. Dissolved oxygen measurements and dissolved inorganic carbon/alkalinity measurements are not available for any season. Dissolved Organic Carbon data is unavailable after 2012 due to instrumentation problems. There is no Particulate Organic Carbon after the 2012 season.
Zooplankton collected with a 2-m, 700-um net towed from surface to 120 m, aboard Palmer Station Antarctica LTER annual cruises off the western Antarctic peninsula, 2009 - 2024.
Zooplankton are a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group of animals. Many zooplankton feed on phytoplankton and thus provide a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. Zooplankton density and biovolume were determined at grid stations on the annual LTER cruises along the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). Annual cruises take place between late December to early February, except for the NBP21-13 cruise, which was November and December. Typically, zooplankton were collected with a 2x2 meter, 700um mesh net fitted with a flow meter and towed obliquely to 120m. Zooplankton distributions vary spatially due to water column characteristics, which affect their predators' distributions. As climate change continues to affect the WAP, the relative abundance of the various zooplankton components can also be expected to change.
Vertical fluxes of particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from a sediment trap deployed west of Palmer Station, Antarctica at a depth of 170 meters, 1992-2019.
Particulate organic matter is exported from the upper ocean euphotic zone in the form of large sinking particles and as dissolved material. Particle fluxes to depth link the surface and mesopelagic realm and supply food to the benthos. Sedimentation flux is typically measured with sediment traps of various designs. Palmer LTER has deployed a time-series trap near 64.5degrees S, 66.0degrees W since late 1992. The trap is moored in 300 m depth and collects sinking particles at 150 m. Deployments and analyses were performed by David Karl, University of Hawaii until 2002 when Hugh Ducklow took over the sediment trap operations.Sedimentation at the PAL site of the West Antarctic Peninsula demonstrates extreme seasonality, with a well-defined pulse in the Austral summer following sea ice retreat. Daily sedimentation rates during the summer flux event are among the highest recorded globally. During the Austral winter when the ocean is covered by sea ice and shrouded in darkness, fluxes are among the lowest observed anywhere. Sedimentation rates at PAL typically vary by 4 orders of magnitude. There is also order of magnitude variability in the total annual flux (area under the curve).
Daily weather averages for Palmer Station, Antarctica (1989-2024)
Daily averages of weather data collected at Palmer Station, Antarctica were generated from averages of manual observations (1989-2003) and automatic weather station measurements (2003-present). Weather data was originally acquired by manual observers 4 times per day. An automated weather data system was installed in Nov 2001. Measurements began shifting from manual to automated observations in June 2003 until the manual observations were ended on December 12, 2003, except for snow stake depth, sea ice coverage, and sea water temperature which remain as manual observations. Data are collected, compiled, and distributed by the U.S. Antarctic Program’s polar contractor. Data is archived by the Antarctic Meteorological Research Center (AMRC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and made available online at https://amrdcdata.ssec.wisc.edu/group/palmer-station/ This dataset contains a compiled version of the daily averaged data provided by the archive.
Chlorophyll and phaeopigments from water column samples, collected at selected depths at Palmer Station Antarctica, during the Palmer LTER field seasons, 1991-2025.
Phytoplankton chlorophyll sampling was led by Smith from the 1991-1992 season through the 2001-2002 season, and then by Vernet from the 2002-2003 season through the 2006-2007 season. Schofield is the third, and current lead, beginning in the 2008-2009 season. Methods have been kept consistent as much as possible over the full time series and different Principal Investigators. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) is the principal photosynthetic pigment of phytoplankton, and is used as a proxy measurement for estimating phytoplankton biomass in water samples. Chl a concentrations reflect the distribution of active phytoplankton spatially and with depth in the water column and their changes over time. Phaeopigments are non-photosynthetic pigments that are degradation products of phytoplankton chlorophylls which form during and after phytoplankton blooms. Water samples are collected throughout the water column at stations within the Palmer LTER region (primarily B and E, to 50m and 65m respectively). Beginning in the 2020-2021 season, Station B is no longer sampled. Chlorophyll and phaeopigment concentrations are determined by filtration, extraction, and fluorometric detection of samples. The primary source of error for phaeopigment measurement is Chlorophyll b. If high amounts of Chlorophyll b are present in the sample, phaeopigments may be overestimated. There was no field season in 2021-2022.
Water column primary production from inorganic carbon uptake for 24h at simulated in situ light levels in deck incubators, collected at Palmer Station Antarctica during Palmer LTER field seasons, 1994-2025.
Primary Production experiments were led by Vernet from the 1994-1995 season through the 2006-2007 season. Schofield is the current lead, beginning in the 2009-2010 season. Methods have been kept consistent as much as possible over the full time series and different Principal Investigators. Primary production is the uptake of inorganic carbon and assimilation of it into organic matter by phytoplankton. Primary production rates, expressed as mgC per m3 per day were measured by the uptake of radioactive (14C) sodium bicarbonate. Water samples are collected throughout the water column at stations within the Palmer LTER region (primarily B and E, to 50m and 65m respectively). Beginning in the 2020-2021 season, Station B is no longer sampled. Water is put into borosilicate bottles, inoculated with 1 uCi of NaH14CO3 per bottle, and incubated in an outdoor deck incubator. The incubator is plumbed to the Palmer Station sea water system to maintain ambient seawater temperature and bottles are screened to in situ light levels. The uptake of 14C-bicarbonate by the phytoplankton was measured in a scintillation counter after a 24-hour incubation period. Primary production experiments were not conducted during the 2020-2021 nor 2023-2024 field seasons. There was no field season in 2021-2022.
Photosynthetic pigments of water column samples analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), sampled during the Palmer LTER field seasons at Palmer Station, Antarctica, 1991 – 2023.
Phytoplankton pigment sampling was led by Prezelin from the 1991-1992 season through the 1993-1994 season, and then by Vernet from the 1994-1995 season through the 2006-2007 season. Schofield is the third, and current lead, beginning in the 2008-2009 season. Methods have been kept consistent as much as possible over the full time series and different Principal Investigators. Phytoplankton have a suite of accessory pigments in addition to Chlorophyll a, including other Chlorophyll’s (e.g. Chlorophyll b), Xanthophylls, and Carotenes. These accessory pigments can be used as chemotaxonomic markers to assess the composition and distribution of the phytoplankton community. For example, Fucoxanthin is a marker pigment of Diatoms, whereas Alloxanthin is a marker pigment of Cryptophytes. Accessory pigments also assist in photoacclimation and photoprotective processes. Water samples are collected throughout the water column at stations within the Palmer LTER region (primarily B and E, to 50m and 65m respectively). Water samples are filtered onto GF/F filters, and filters kept frozen at -80C until analysis. HPLC analysis is completed following Wright et al (1991). Following the guidelines set by NASA SeaHARRE, we use an internal standard and replicate injects on the HPLC to track recovery and replicability of the pigment extraction methods. Data is unavailable for the Palmer 2009-2010 season due to instrumentation problems and for the Palmer 2011-2012 season due to a freezer failure which resulted in the loss of samples. There is a temporary data gap for the Palmer 2015-2016, Palmer 2016-2017, Palmer 2019-2020, Palmer 2020-2021, and Palmer 2023-2024 seasons because those samples have not been analyzed yet.
Monthly weather averages for Palmer Station, Antarctica (1974-2024)
A long-term timeseries of monthly averaged weather at Palmer Station, Antarctic, was created by combining calculated averages of daily weather from 1989-present with additional historical temperature measurements made between 1974-1989. The selected variables in this dataset include temperature, air pressure, precipitation, sea surface temperature, and wind speed. Monthly averages (means) are made for each calendar month, and dated with the month's start date. Historical monthly average temperatures (through March 1989) are from "Baker, K.S. (1996), Palmer LTER: Palmer Station air temperature 1974 to 1996." Monthly averages from April 1989 onwards are computed from the daily weather averages calculated at Palmer Station and made available by the Antarctic Meteorological Research Center (AMRC) archive at https://amrdcdata.ssec.wisc.edu/group/palmer-station/ The daily averages are available in aggregate form as PAL dataset #28 (knb-lter-pal.28.10), from which this dataset was generated.
Chlorophyll determined by extraction of samples taken approximately weekly from seawater intake starting at Palmer Station by station personnel including during winter-over period, 1991-2024.
Chlorophyll a (Chl a) is the principal photosynthetic pigment of phytoplankton, and is used as a proxy measurement for estimating phytoplankton biomass in water samples. Chl a concentrations reflect the distribution of active phytoplankton spatially and with depth in the water column and their changes over time. Chlorophyll a is determined weekly year-round at the laboratory seawater intake (SWI), from a depth of 6 meters. Concentrations are typically very low (< 1 µg Chl a per liter) in winter (April-October), and higher (1-30 µg/L) following the initiation of the annual spring-summer phytoplankton bloom in November - January.
Mesozooplankton taxonomic density collected using a 1-m diameter ring net with 200-μm mesh at Palmer Station, Antarctica during Palmer LTER field seasons, 2017-2020
Zooplankton are a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group of animals. Many zooplankton feed on phytoplankton in surface waters and thus provide a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. The numerical density of common mesozooplankton taxa was determined at Palmer LTER Stations B and E. Samples were collected with a 1-m diameter, 200-μm mesh ring net towed obliquely from the surface to a target depth of 50 m and back. Tows were conducted during daytime, and sampling frequency was nominally twice weekly while personnel were at Palmer Station between the months of November and March. The preserved samples were size-fractionated with nested sieves into five size classes (0.2−0.5, 0.5−1, 1−2, 2−5, and >5 mm) prior to microscopic enumeration. Data are provided for the following taxa: copepods Oithona spp., Calanoides acutus (>1 mm only), Calanus propinquus (>1 mm only), Rhincalanus gigas (>1 mm only), and small calanoids (0.2−1 mm), chaetognaths, asteroid larvae, nemertean larvae, and foraminifera (not quantified in all years). Individual size fractions were split and subsampled such that at least 100 individuals of the most abundant taxon were present. Density varies across taxa, seasonally, among years, and between sampling stations. Units of density are individuals per cubic meter.
Macrozooplankton taxonomic density collected using a 1 x 1 m square net with 700-μm mesh at Palmer Station, Antarctica during Palmer LTER field seasons, 2017-2020
Zooplankton are a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group of animals. Many zooplankton feed on phytoplankton in surface waters and thus provide a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. The numerical density of common macrozooplankton taxa was determined at Palmer LTER Stations B and E. Samples were collected with a 1 x 1 m square, 700-μm mesh Metro net towed obliquely from the surface to a target depth of 50 m and back. Duplicate tows typically were conducted at each sampling site. Tows were conducted during daytime, and sampling frequency was nominally twice weekly while personnel were at Palmer Station between the months of November and March. The catch was sorted and counted live. Data are provided for the following taxa, which dominated biomass: the euphausiids Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa macrura, the thecosome pteropod Limacina rangii, gymnosome pteropods, the salp Salpa thompsoni, amphipods, and larval fishes. Density varies across taxa, seasonally, among years, and between sampling stations. Units of density are individuals per cubic meter.
Size-fractionated zooplankton dry weight collected using a 1-m diameter ring net with 200-μm mesh at Palmer Station, Antarctica during Palmer LTER field seasons, 2017-2020
Zooplankton are a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group of animals. Many zooplankton feed on phytoplankton in surface waters and thus provide a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. The density of zooplankton dry weight for five size fractions was determined at Palmer LTER Stations B and E. Samples were collected with a 1-m diameter, 200-μm mesh ring net towed obliquely from the surface to a target depth of 50 m and back. Tows were conducted during daytime, and sampling frequency was nominally twice weekly while personnel were at Palmer Station between the months of November and March. One-half of the catch was size-fractionated with nested sieves into the following five size classes for biomass analysis: 0.2−0.5, 0.5−1, 1−2, 2−5, and >5 mm. Individual size fractions were concentrated on preweighed 200 μm mesh filters and frozen at −20°C until analysis. Samples were thawed, weighed to determine wet biomass, dried at 60°C for at least 24 h, and weighed again to determine dry biomass. Zooplankton density varies across size groups, seasonally, among years, and between sampling stations. Units of biomass density are milligrams dry weight per cubic meter.
Marine Mammal Survey, Sightings and Sampling Event Log at Palmer Station, Antarctica, 2020-2024
Seasonal sea ice-influenced marine ecosystems at both poles are characterized by high productivity concentrated in space and time by local, regional, and remote physical forcing. These polar ecosystems are among the most rapidly changing on Earth. The PALmer (PAL) LTER seeks to build on three decades of long-term research along the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) to gain new mechanistic and predictive understanding of ecosystem changes in response to disturbances spanning long-term, subdecadal, and higher-frequency “pulses” driven by a range of processes, including long-term climate warming, natural climate variability, and storms. These disturbances alter food-web composition and ecological interactions across time and space scales that are not well understood. We seek to determine the differential effects of disturbance and resilience on krill predators with different life histories, foraging behaviors, and demographic patterns. Specifically, changes in foraging behavior can affect adult fitness, body condition, and reproductive rates, as well as offspring survival. Preliminary analyses suggest mean chick fledgling mass decreases later in the austral summer as storm disturbances increase. If storms are not a factor influencing chick mass, parental effects or ecosystem phenology may play a larger role. For whales, changes in foraging effort and increases in body condition should correlate with increased pregnancy rates. We will test for linkages between whale foraging efficiency related to storms with female pregnancy rates the following year. Our prediction is that in seasons with more storms and poorer foraging conditions, fewer whales will become pregnant. However, as whales are long-lived, we predict this will not have a major effect on the long-term positive population trend. We will contribute fundamental understanding of how population dynamics and physiological processes are responding within a polar marine ecosystem undergoing profound change
Terminus lines of the Marr Piedmont Glacier at Palmer Station, Antarctica, from 1963 to 2023.
The Marr Piedmont glacier behind Palmer Station, on Anvers Island, Antarctica, has been in retreat for several decades. Since 1963, the terminus of the glacier has been intermittently mapped, initially with arial imagery, and then with GPS surveys. Annual mappings have occurred from 2017 onwards. This dataset includes both point and line GeoPackage spatial vector files, each of which includes the mapped terminus lines from each available year as individual layers.
Marine Debris Opportunistically Collected around Palmer Station, 2022-2023
Observations of marine debris in Antarctica have been increasing; however, impacts, distributions, sources, and transport pathways of debris remain poorly understood. These data include the date, location, and a brief description of marine debris found on the islands and in the waters around Palmer Station Antarctica during the 2022-2023 field season. These debris were found during routine seabird surveys on the islands around Palmer Station and during transits to islands on small boats. Debris were recorded when observed but the absence of debris were not recorded.
Calories Derived from Lipids in Adelie and Gentoo Penguin Diets at Palmer Station, 2022–2023
This dataset contains measurements of caloric energy (in kilojoules) derived from lipids in regurgitated diet samples collected from Adélie and gentoo penguins during the PAL2223 and PAL2324 field seasons near Palmer Station, along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Diet samples were homogenized through blending, and lipids were subsequently extracted for calorimetric analysis to quantify energy content. These data were used in support of the manuscript "Trophic transfer of lipid-derived energy through Adélie and Gentoo penguins near Palmer Station along the west Antarctic Peninsula", published in *Polar Biology* 48, 110 (2025), by Shavonna M. Bent et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-025-03430-5
Data from: Terrestrial spatial distribution and summer abundance of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) near Palmer Station, Antarctica, from drone surveys
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Kellogg Biological Station site, station Michigan Division 9, South Central Lower, study of Palmer Drought Severity Index in units of dimensionless on a monthly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) contains Palmer Drought Severity Index measurements in dimensionless units and were aggregated to a monthly timescale.
Kellogg Biological Station site, station Michigan Division 9, South Central Lower, study of Palmer Drought Severity Index in units of dimensionless on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) contains Palmer Drought Severity Index measurements in dimensionless units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
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