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FIGURE 5 in New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 5. Inner layer of Concavicaris woodfordi (Cooper, 1932). A–C, anterior part of the specimen. A, tomogram (transversal slice). B, tomogram (transversal slice; colour-marked). C, anterior view (3D rendering). D–F, posterior part of the specimen. D, tomogram (transversal slice). E, tomogram (transversal slice; colour-marked). F, cross-section (3D rendering). G, cross-section of cephalothorax of a reptantian decapod (after Glaessner, 1969). H, I, cross-section of the carapace structure of a myodocopan (Euphilomedes japonica (Müller, 1890); after Yamada, 2019). H, attached region. I, duplicated region. Arrow indicates the rotation of the posterior part of the inner layer. Abbreviations: am, adductor muscles; app, appendage; cb, chitinous body; ef, epimeral fold; g, gills; hi, hinge; il, inner layer of the shield; ila, anterior part of the inner layer; ilp, posterior part of the inner layer; mua, attractor muscles; ol, outer layer of the shield; pl, pleural part; pta, posterior trunk appendages; so, shield outline; st, sternal part; te, tergal part. Scales: 5 mm.

FIGURE 2 in New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 2. General view of Concavicaris woodfordi (Cooper, 1932). A, B, Right and left lateral views. C, line drawing (lateral view). D, location of virtual slices presented in the figures (dorsal view). Abbreviations: vld, ventro-lateral depression. Arrows indicate the anterior side of the specimen. Yellow doted lines indicate longitudinal sections. Green dotted lines indicate transversal sections. Scales: 10 mm. Photos: T. A. Hegna.

FIGURE 8 in New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 8. Muscular structures of Concavicaris woodfordi (Cooper, 1932). A, tomogram. B, tomogram (colourmarked). C, gastric muscles (3D rendering). D, cross-section (3D rendering). E, adductor muscles (3D rendering). Abbreviations: am, adductor muscle; gm, gastric muscles; il, inner layer; lvp, latero-ventral pouch; s, shield; sto, stomach. Scales: A, B, D, 5 mm; C, E, 2 mm.

FIGURE 1 in New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 1. Position and geology of the fossil locality. A, Map of USA with the position of Oklahoma (red area) and of Arbuckle Mountains (grey area). B, Map of Arbuckle mountains with the position of the type locality of Concavicaris woodfordi (Cooper, 1932). C, Section of the upper Woodford Shale at Interstate 35 road-cut section (I-35) (sec. 25, T2S, R2E, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, USA; redrawn after Over [1992]).

FIGURE 4 in New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 4. Anatomy of Concavicaris woodfordi (Cooper, 1932). A, longitudinal virtual section. B, longitudinal virtual section (colour-marked). C, dorsal view (3D rendering). D, lateral view (3D rendering). Abbreviations: am, adductor muscles; cs, cylindrical structure; g2–7, gills; gm, gastric muscles;ila, anterior part of the inner layer; ilp, posterior part of the inner layer; lvp, latero-ventral pouch; pta, posterior trunk appendages; ra1–3, raptorial appendages; so, shield outline; sto, stomach. Arrows indicate the anterior side of the specimen. Scales: 10 mm.

FIGURE 3 in New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 3. Marginal fold of Concavicaris woodfordi (Cooper, 1932). A, B, anterior part of the shield (tomogram and drawing). C, close-up of marginal fold in the anterior part of the shield (tomogram). D, E, middle part of the shield (tomogram and drawing). F, close-up of marginal fold in the middle part of the shield (tomogram). Abbreviations: il, inner layer; mf; marginal fold; so, shield outline. Scales: A, B, D, E, 5 mm; C, F, 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 7. Digestive, reproductive, and circulatory systems of Concavicaris woodfordi (Cooper, 1932). A, longitudinal virtual section. B, longitudinal virtual section (colour-marked). C, D, digestive and reproductive systems (3D rendering). C, anterior view. D, right lateral view. E, F, G, circulatory system. E, tomogram. F, tomogram (colour-marked). G, 3D rendering of the left part. Abbreviations: cs, cylindrical structure; g1–8, gills; go, gonads; il, inner layer; lvp, lateroventral pouch; sto, stomach. Arrows indicate the anterior side of the specimen. Scales: A, B, 10 mm; C–G, 5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 6. Internal anatomy of Concavicaris woodfordi (Cooper, 1932). A, right lateral view (3D rendering). B, anterior view (3D rendering). C, dorsal view (3D rendering). D, longitudinal section (3D rendering). Abbreviations: am, adductor muscles; cs, cylindrical structure; g1–8, gills; gm, gastric muscles; go, gonads; lvp, latero-ventral pouch; pta1–3, posterior trunk appendages; r, rostrum; ra1, 3, raptorial appendages; s, shield; so, shield outline; sto, stomach. Arrows indicate the anterior side of the specimen. Scales: A, C, D, 10 mm; B, 5 mm.

FIGURE 10 in New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of Concavicaris woodfordi (Cooper, 1932). Morphology of anterior and posterior sides of the shield, eyes and number of posterior trunk appendages are reconstructed based on Concavicaris submarinus (Jobbins et al., 2020). Abbreviations: ce, compound eyes; g, gills; go, gonads; il, inner layer: lvp, lateroventral pouch; pt, posterior trunk; pta, posterior trunk appendages; r, rostrum; ra, raptorial appendages; s, shield; sto, stomach. Arrow indicates the anterior side of the specimen. Scales: 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 9. Appendages of Concavicaris woodfordi (Cooper, 1932). A, longitudinal section (3D rendering). B, raptorial appendages (3D rendering). C, tomogram. D, close-up of third posterior trunk appendage. E, posterior trunk appendages (3D rendering). Arrow indicates the third posterior trunk appendage. Abbreviations: il, inner layer; pta1–3, posterior trunk appendages; ra1–3, raptorial appendages; s, shield. Arrow indicates the anterior side of the specimen. Scales: A–C, 10 mm; D, G, 2 mm; E, 5 mm; F, 1 mm.

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3D Data from "New look at Concavicaris woodfordi (Euarthropoda: Pancrustacea?) using micro-computed tomography"

It includes the tomograms (CT-scan), the segmentation project (Mimics) the 3D rendered data (STL) of the holotype of Concavicaris woodfordi (USNM PAL 112025). Tomograms. The specimen was micro-CT scanned using the North Star Imaging µCT scanner housed at Vanderbilt University (Tennessee, USA). 1377 two-dimensional images were obtained with a voxel size of 46 µm at a voltage of 115 kV and current of 10 µA; the volume was reconstructed using EFX-CT (North Star Imaging, Minnesota, USA). Segmentation. Rotation (178°), cropping and conversion to 8-bit were applied to every slice prior to segmentation. Manual and semi-automatic segmentation were done using Mimics 24.0 Research Edition (Materialise). The results of the segmentation were exported as STL files. 3D rendering and processing was done using Meshlab 2021.05 (GNU GPL 3.0)

Fig.11 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig.11. Genital exoskeleton of Nannochorista andina (Mecoptera:Nannochoristidae); for musculature, refer to Mickoleit (2008) and see Fig. 1. A, genital appendages, dorsal view.B, genital appendages, ventral view.C, D, right coxopod and sperm pumping complex, dorsolateral oblique.EeI, sperm pumping complex:E, posterior view; F, dorsolateral oblique; G, lateral view; H, ventral view; I, ventrolateral oblique.Abbreviations: aed. apod. ¼ aedeagal apodem; CxaI ¼ gonocoxa or first gonocoxites;kam. ¼ kammersklerit; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Pen ¼ penial sclerite; Sty ¼ gonostylus; teg. ¼ tegimen. Note: Roman numerals indicate sclerite number; addition signs indicate sclerite fusion; italicized abbreviations indicate formal names for sclerites.

Fig. 6 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 6. Genital skeletomusculature of?Dendroleon sp. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). AeC, genitalia in situ: A, dorsal; B, lateral; C, ventral. D, E, right coxopod and peniallateropenital complex, posterolateral oblique, E with lateropenites partially removed. F, part of penial-lateropenital complex, mesal (internal). G, right coxopod, mesal. H, genitalia with left coxopod removed, mesal; I, disarticulated right coxopod and penial-lateropenital complex, mesal. Abbreviations: An ¼ anus; Cxt þ Sty ¼ coxostylar composite sclerite; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Lpedmp ¼ lateropenital dorsomedian process; Lpevll ¼ lateropenital ventrolateral lobe; Pen ¼ penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ gonostylus; TgIX þ Cxa ¼ tergocoxal composite. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 3 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 3. Genital skeletomusculature of Agulla sp. (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae). AeE, segment IX, genital appendages, and proctiger: A, lateral; B, ventral; C, distal; D, tergum removed,lateral oblique; E, left half removed and proctiger partially removed, mesal. F, coxopod piece, lateral oblique. GeI, right coxopod and sternum part, mesal. Abbreviations: An ¼ anus; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa; Cxaapd ¼ coxal apodeme; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Pen ¼ penis; Penscl ¼ penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ stylus; Styapd ¼ stylar apodeme; Stycnd ¼ stylar condyle; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig.14 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig.14. Genital sclerites of Hystrichopsylla talpae (Siphonaptera:Hystrichopsyllidae), after Günther (1961); for musculature, see Fig.1. A, genital appendages, sternum IX, tergum IX, and proctiger. B, genital appendages, excluding tergal-coxital composite. Abbreviations: aed.apod. ¼ aedeagal apodem; aedt. ¼ aedeagaltasche; bulb.¼ bulbalis; Dstarm ¼ distal arm of sternum IX; Endph ¼ endophallus; endot.¼ endotendons; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa; Cxt ¼ gonocoxite; ham. ¼ hamulus; hypot.¼ hypotendon; inn. tub. ¼ innere tube; Llat ¼ lateral lamina of aedeagal apodem; Lmed ¼ medial lamina of aedeagal apodem; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; lun. skl. ¼ lunarsklerit; param. ¼ paramere; Pen ¼ penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; Prxarm ¼ proximal arm of coxosternum IX; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ gonostylus; TgIX ¼ tergum IX; virg. vent. ¼ virga ventralis; Y-skl. ¼ Y-sklerit. Note: Fragment numbers of gonocoxites and penites indicated with Roman numerals; addition signs indicate sclerite fusion.

Fig. 2 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 2. Genital skeletomusculature of Cimbex rubidus (Hymenoptera: Cimbicidae). A, tergite IX and proctiger. BeE, genital capsule: B, dorsal; C, ventral; D, lateral; E, cupula removed, lateral. FeG, right coxopod and penial sclerite: F, mesal; G, penial conjunctiva and musculature partially removed, mesal. H, right gonopod, penial musculature removed, mesal. I, volsella, mesal (dorsal). Abbreviations: An ¼ anus; Ce ¼ cercus; Cxa ¼ "basimere" (major part gonocoxa); CxtII ¼ "parossiculus" (minor part of second gonocoxital fragment); Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Lpesut ¼ lateropinial suture with ventromedial gonocoxite; Pen ¼ penis or penial sclerite; Penapd ¼ penial apodeme ("valvura"); Prct ¼ proctiger; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ stylus; TgIX' ¼ tergite IX; TgIX'þCxtI ¼ "cupula" (composite sclerite of tergite IX plus basal/anterior fragment of gonocoxite). Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 8 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 8. Genital skeletomusculature of Hypera cf. postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). AeD, genitalia in situ within terminal abdominal segments: A, dorsal; B, lateral, left side, sternal-coxital muscle partially removed;C, ventral;D, lateral, right side. E, J, coxites I encircling coxites II and stylar composite,lateral,with sternum removed in E which shows the left side. FeJ, coxopenis (coxital-penial composite, CxtII þ Pen): F, endophallus partially exserted, ventrolateral oblique; G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, sternum in place, right side; J, ventrolateral oblique. Abbreviations: CxtI ¼ "phallobase" (first gonocoxites); CxtII þ Pen ¼ coxopenial composite; Endscl ¼ endophallic sclerite; StVIII ¼ sternum VIII; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Stap ¼ sternal apophysis; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 13 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 13. Genital skeletomusculature of Panorpa nuptialis (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). A, genitalia in situ, lateral. B, composite sclerite of tergum and sternum IX. CeE, genital appendages: C, dorsal; D, ventral; E, distal. FeH, right half of genital appendages: F, dorsolateral oblique; G, lateral, paired appendages of sperm pumping complex intact; H, lateral, left half of sperm pumping complex removed. I, J, mittelplatte and dorsal pseudoparameres (¼ kammersklerit plus second fragment of aedeagal apodem). K, pistilltrö ager, ventrolateral oblique.L, base of dorsal pseudoparameres, posterior view.M, base of dorsal pseudoparameres, internal (anterior) view. Abbreviations: Apd ¼ apodeme of pistilltrö ager; Ce ¼ cercus;d. ps. par. ¼ dorsal pseudoparamere; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa or first gonocoxites; Cxt ¼ gonocoxite; CxtAapd ¼ anterior apodeme of gonocoxite; CxtDapd ¼ dorsal apodeme of gonocoxite; mittelp. ¼ mittelplatte; pistillt. ¼ pistilltrö ager; Pen ¼ penis or penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ gonostylus; StyDcond ¼ dorsal stylar condyle; StyVcond ¼ ventral stylar condyle; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1. Note: Sclerite fragment numbers indicated with Roman numerals; addition signs indicate sclerite fusion.

Fig. 10 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 10. Genital skeletomusculature of Mengenilla sp. (Strepsiptera: Mengenillidae), modified from Hünefeld, Pohl, et al. (2011b). A, abdominal segment IX and proctiger in cross-section. Abbreviations: Cxa ¼ gonocoxa; Pen ¼ penis; Prct ¼ proctiger; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Stap ¼ sternal apodeme; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 9 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 9. Genital skeletomusculature of Ilybius biguttulus (Coleoptera:Dytiscidae). AeD, genitalia in situ: A, dorsal; B, dorsolateral oblique; C, ventral; D, dorsal, tergal-coxital muscles removed.EeG, genitalia and anterior fragment of sternum IX (sternal apodeme): E, ventral; F, ventral,sternal muscle removed;G, dorsal.H, coxital-stylar composite sclerites spread away from coxopenis (composite of second coxites and penis, CxtII þ Pen), dorsolateral oblique. I, coxopenis, left side, lateral. Abbreviations: CxtI þ Sty ¼ coxostylar composite sclerite; CstII þ Pen ¼ coxopenial composite; Endscl ¼ endophallic sclerite; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Stap ¼ sternal apodeme; Styapd ¼ stylar apodeme; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.