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Fig. 6 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 6. Neoturris pileata, preserved specimen (MHNG-INVE-35522) from the Mediterranean, collected before 1895 and identified by C. Hartlaub. Note that the bell shape is not elongated as often seen in other illustrations (e.g. Fig. 7), but nevertheless lies within the range of variation for Mediterranean specimens. Moreover, the bell is somewhat flattened in this preserved sample.

Fig. 16. Leuckartiara longicalcar, n in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 16. Leuckartiara longicalcar, n. spec., living animal, height 13-18 mm, photographed by Kevin Lee off Los Angeles, California, USA. Note, this photograph is copyright protected and permission to use it here has been obtained by paying a royalty fee to the author and copyright holder Kevin Lee (www.diverkevin.com).

Fig. 13 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 13. Catablema cf. multicirrata, living subadult specimen from Svalbard (sample DNA 1139), photo courtesy of Aino Hosia. Note the high number of tentacles, estimated about 140 combined with the moderate size of the bell.

Fig. 11 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 11. Catablema vesicarium nodulosum, living medusa from Friday Harbor, WA, USA, bell height about 2 cm, the individual was used to obtain one of the DNA sequences of this study.

Fig. 10 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 10. Neoturris breviconis, living individuals from Friday Harbor, USA. (A) Fully grown animal without apical process, height approximately 3-4 cm. (B) Tentacle bases, note abaxial spurs and the absence of ocelli. (C) Smaller animal than shown in A (not to scale) with an apical process. (D) Medusa of with dark pigment in gonad region. The H-form of the gonad-bearing part of the manubrium is rather characteristic, but only temporary as due to contraction. This H-shape of the gonads is reminiscent of some Leuckartiara species. (E) Same specimen as in D seen from aboral side. Note that the gonadal pits are more numerous and much better seen in this view.

Fig. 9 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 9. COI maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Pandeidae species obtained with PhyML (GTR+G+I model) and based on 664 bp positions of the mitochondrial COI gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if> 70%). For more details see text and Table 1. Samples based on the polyp stage are indicated, all others are medusa samples.

Fig. 12 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 12. Catablema multicirratum, living medusa from Friday Harbor, WA, USA, bell size about 6.5 cm, about 100 tentacles. The individual was used to obtain the DNA sequences of this study (DNA 868, see Table 1). (A) Whole medusa. The circular spot on the apical process is an area where the epidermis is lost due to contact with the water-air interface. (B) Detail of stomach with gonad folds. (C) Detail of umbrella margin with tentacles.

Fig. 5 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 5. Neoturris abyssi (=Neoturris pileata), living medusa from the Swedish coast, photo taken by Fredrik Pleijel and reproduced with the permission of the author. The manubrium is contracted, feigning a horizontal gonadal fold on the manubrium resembling the permanent one seen in some Leuckartiara species. This photo is copyright protected and it must not be reproduced without the consent of the author.

Fig. 4 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 4. Neoturris abyssi (=Neoturris pileata) medusae from Norway, photographs of the most advanced stages found. (A) Lateral view of manubrium of a medusa with bell size 9 mm (DNA 918, see Table 1). No gametes could be seen when examining the gonad fold under a compound microscope. (B) Manubrium of a medusa with bell size 12 mm (DNA 916, see Table 1); note the increased number of gonadal folds and pits. Small oocytes were present in the gonads folds. Except for the colour this animal closely resemble Mediterranean specimens (Figs 6-7). (C) Medusa of about 10 mm height (DNA 919, see Table 1) cut open and spread to visualise anatomical details (inner side of stomach facing observer).

Fig. 3 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 3. Neoturris abyssi (=Neoturris pileata) medusae from Norway, photographs of living, relatively young stages. (A) Lateral view of medusa with bell size 7 mm (DNA 953, see Table 1). (B) Same as A, detail of radial canals and folds of stomach wall. (C) Same as A, oblique view from below. (D) Animal of bell size 9 mm, detail of tentacle bases, note the absence of ocelli.

Fig. 2 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 2. Neoturris abyssi (=Neoturris pileata), preserved polyp specimens from Norway, Bergen area, Hauglandsosen. (A) MHNG-INVE-54695 on Nucula spec. (B) MHNG-INVE-62572, on a scaphopod, (DNA 695, see Table 1).

Fig. 17 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 17. Leuckartiara spec., living animal. (A) Whole medusa. (B) Bell margin with tentacle bases. (C) Details of manubrium with gonad folds (immature?).

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Fig. 14. Leuckartiara longicalcar, n in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 14. Leuckartiara longicalcar, n. spec., living animal (paratype), total height about 15 mm.

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Fig. 1 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 1. Neoturris abyssi, original illustration of Sars (1874).

Fig. 18 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 18. Halitholus spec., living animal. (A) Whole medusa. (B) Bell margin with tentacle bases. (C) Details of manubrium with gonad folds. Note the clearly visible oocytes.

Fig. 8. 16S in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 8. 16S maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Pandeidae species obtained with PhyML (GTR+G+I model) and based on 595 bp positions of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if> 70%). For more details see text and Table 1. Samples based on the polyp stage are indicated, all others are medusa samples.

Fig. 7 in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 7. Neoturris pileata, living medusa photographed by Nicholas Samaras, location: Mediterranean, Greece, Chalkidiki Peninsula, depth 3 m. The photo shows a perfect and typical N. pileata, note the intense red colour of the manubrium as well as the folds and pits on it. Note that this photo is copyright protected and the right to reproduce it here was acquired by paying a royalty fee to the copyright holder Nicholas Samaras (www.underwater-photography.gr).

Fig. 15. Leuckartiara longicalcar, n in DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)

Fig. 15. Leuckartiara longicalcar, n. spec., living animal. (A) Details of manubrium with gonad folds. (B) Lateral view of a perradial tentacle with the characteristic, long, abaxial spur. (C) Adradial tentacles and rudimentary bulbs, note red ocelli.