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11 results for “Parabrachyodus”
Figure 11 in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 11. Part of the consensus tree mapped on the geologic time scale (Gradstein et al., 2012) and the geographic distribution of selected bothriodontines. The temporal extensions of taxa are coloured according to their geographical distribution, those in non-full lines are uncertain. Green, Indian subcontinent; blue, Europe; purple, North America; orange, Africa. The non-ambiguous synapomorphies are placed at the nodes discussed in this work, the character states are summarised in the Supporting Information (Appendix S2); the non-ambiguous synapomorphies defining Merycopotamini in the analysis of Lihoreau et al. (2016) are in red; the non-ambiguous and non-homoplasic synapomorphies are in bold. Drawings of the P/4 are (from top to bottom) Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides (this study), Afromeryx zelteni, SiƲameryx africanus, Merycopotamus medioximus and Libycosaurus anisae (Lihoreau et al., 2019). The characters highlighted in red on the P/4 are those acquired in the clade involved. Drawings are not to scale. Spatial and temporal distributions are from Lihoreau et al. (2007, 2016, 2019), Bhandari et al. (2010), Holroyd et al. (2010), Kostopoulos et al. (2012), Antoine et al. (2013), Böhme et al. (2013) and Kapur et al. (2019).
Figure 10 in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 10. Three hypotheses of homology for the cristae of P4/ within the clade B due to the inclusion of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides, through scenarios sketched on a simplified topology. A, hypothesis 1, convergence with the Anthracotheriinae; B, hypothesis 2, reviewed homology of the distal crest of Telmatodon and the Merycopotamini; C, hypothesis 3 (this work), additional endoprotocrista of Par. hyopotamoides. Coloured characters: blue, postprotocrista; green, postectoprotocrista; red, endoprotocrista. Drawing of the P4/ of Elomeryx modified from Kostopoulos et al. (2012). Drawings are not to scale.
Figure 9 in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 9. Phylogenetic results. Strict consensus tree of the 208 most parsimonious trees of 1558 steps each (CI = 0.195, RI = 0.625). Letters above the branches at nodes refer to the clades discussed in the phylogenetic analysis section of the main text. Values under the branches at nodes are Bremer indices (BI) when> 1.
Figure 8 in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 8. Enamel microstructure of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides. A, vertical section of enamel from EDJ (bottom) to OES (top). B, detail of the decussation of several transition prisms in vertical section. C, detail of the angulation between IPM crystallites and prisms in vertical section. D, detail of the inter-row sheets in vertical section. EDJ, enamel dentine junction; OES, outer enamel surface; IPM, interprismatic matrix.
Figure 6 in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 6. Mandibles and lower teeth of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides. A, right mandible with P/1-M/1 and symphysis (M12736) in occlusal view; 2nd for., second mandibular foramen; acc.cusp., accessory cuspids. B, left mandible with I/2-M/3/ and symphysis (M12724) in sagittal view of the symphysis with interpretative drawing; m.w., maximal width; C, frontal view
Figure 7 in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 7. Hemi-mandible fragments of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from A, Tobah (Bugti Hills), right alveoli of P/3, and P/4-M/3 (UM-TOB-001) in occlusal view, and B, C, Safed Nala (Zinda Pir Dome), right M/3 (UM-SFN-001) in occlusal (B) and labial (C) views. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Figure 5 in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 5. Upper teeth of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides. A, left upper incisor (I2/ or I3/) in lingual (left) and labial (right) view (UM-SAM4-024). B, P1/-P4/ from a left maxilla (M12034) in occlusal view. C, right P1/ (UM-SAM4-025) in occlusal view (mirror). D, left P3/ (M10598) in occlusal view. E, left maxilla with P4/-M1/ in occlusal view, with a drawing of P4/. F, left dP3/ (M12820) in occlusal view. Abbreviations derived from the nomenclature introduced in Figure 2: protoc., protocrista. G, dental variation of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides figured on composite upper molars (N = 26 for M3/; N = 11 for M2/). Variable characters are coloured. Character frequency: black: 100%; red: (75–99%); yellow: (50–74%); green: (25–49%); blue: (0–24%). The presence/absence of the coloured character is evaluated. 1, mesostyle divided into two slender apices; 2, parastyle of the same size or smaller than mesostyle; 3, wing-like labial cingulum; 4, postectoprotocrista reaching the lingual edge of the tooth; 5, double curvature of the postmetacristule. The arrow indicates the mesiolingual direction. Teeth are not to scale. H, left maxilla with M1/-M3/ (M12718) in occlusal view. I, right maxilla with P4/-M3/ (M12824) in occlusal view (mirror). Comparisons with drawings of (J) left M3/ of Brachyodus onoideus in occlusal view, modified from Ducrocq & Lihoreau (2006); K, left M3/ of Telmatodon orientalis (M12040, holotype) in occlusal view; L, right M3/ of Gonotelma shahbazi (UM-SAM4-010) in occlusal view (mirror); M, left M3/ of SiƲameryx palaeindicus (UM-SAM4-005) in occlusal view. N, M3/ of Par. hyopotamoides (UM-SAM5-001) in distal view, showing the low value of the angle between the lingual slope of the metaconule and the socket. Scale bars all equal 10 mm.
Figure 3 in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 3. Dental nomenclature based on composite drawings (not to scale) of upper and lower jugal teeth of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides in occlusal view, following Boisserie et al. (2010). Cusp/cuspid names are in bold; those of style/stylids and cingula/cingulids in italics; and those of crista/cristids and fossa/fossids in full text. Abbreviations: -c./-cul./-cid./-culid., crista/ cristule/cristid/cristulid; acc.cusp, accessory cuspids; -f./-ful./-fid., fossa/fossule/fossid; tran.fossa/foss., transverse fossa/ fossid; -st./-std., style/stylid; tran.val., transverse valley. The arrows indicate the mesiolingual direction. The methods of measurements for Lll1/2, following Lihoreau et al. (2004a), and Lll3 are in red. P3/ is modified from Holroyd et al. (2010).
Figure 2. A in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 2. A, geographical position of the Samane Nala sector in the Bugti Hills area (Pakistan). B, stratigraphical position of the level Q = 4 in the synthetic section of the Bugti Hills area, together with anthracothere species distribution in the section (Welcomme et al., 2001; Métais et al., 2009; Antoine et al., 2013; Lihoreau et al., 2016; this study). FLA and LLA stand for first local appearance and last local appearance, respectively.
Figure 1 in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 1. Drawings from Forster-Cooper (1915) of A, the first upper dental row (P4/-M3/, M12031) and B, lower molar (M/3, M12030) allocated to the anthracotheriid Parabrachyodus, from the Bugti Hills, Pakistan. Note the high degree of wear and the focus of the author on P4/'s morphology. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Figure 4 in New material of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala, Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the origin of Merycopotamini (Mammalia: Hippopotamoidea)
Figure 4. Fragmentary cranium of Parabrachyodus hyopotamoides from Samane Nala 4 (UM-SAM4-001) in A, lateral view with an interpretative drawing. The grey full lines represent the sutures between bone units or the demarcation of teeth crowns, the grey dotted lines concern depressions on the skull surface. B, ventral view, displaying P1/-P2/ alveoli, and P3/- M3/. Scale bars equal 50 mm.
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