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Fig. 3 in Distributional Range Extension of the Shallow Water Scorpionfish Parascorpaena poseidon (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae), with a Revised Diagnosis of the Species

Fig. 3. Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of head of Parascorpaena poseidon (NSMT-P 17865, 97.8 mm SL). Bars indicate 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Distributional Range Extension of the Shallow Water Scorpionfish Parascorpaena poseidon (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae), with a Revised Diagnosis of the Species

Fig. 4. Relationships between body width (A); head width (B); snout length (C); interorbital width at vertical midline of eye (D); upper-jaw length (E); maxilla depth (F); postorbital length (G); orbit diameter (H); and separation between opercular spine tips (I) (all as % of SL) and standard length (mm) in Parascorpaena poseidon, showing ontogenetic changes. Star indicates holotype [except for snout length, interorbital width at vertical midline of eye, and upper-jaw length—see text regarding measurements by Chou and Liao (2022)].

Fig. 2 in Distributional Range Extension of the Shallow Water Scorpionfish Parascorpaena poseidon (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae), with a Revised Diagnosis of the Species

Fig. 2. Variously-sized preserved specimens of Parascorpaena poseidon. A, FMNH 75818, 1 of 27 specimens, 35.3 mm SL, Galle, Sri Lanka; B, FMNH 75818, 1 of 27 specimens, 65.3 mm SL, Galle, Sri Lanka; C, NSMT-P 17865, 97.8 mm SL, Yaku-shima Island, Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, Japan; D, BPBM 27680, 1 of 2 specimens, 115.4 mm SL, Kovalam, Kerala India.

Fig. 1 in Distributional Range Extension of the Shallow Water Scorpionfish Parascorpaena poseidon (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae), with a Revised Diagnosis of the Species

Fig. 1. Fresh specimen of Parascorpaena poseidon from Kovalam, Kerala, India (BPBM 27680, 1 of 2 specimens, 115.4 mm SL). Photo by J. E. Randall (BPBM).

Fig. 5 in Distributional Range Extension of the Shallow Water Scorpionfish Parascorpaena poseidon (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae), with a Revised Diagnosis of the Species

Fig. 5. Distributional records of Parascorpaena poseidon, based on original description (triangles and star), literature record as P. mossambica (closed circle), and present study (open circles). Star indicates type locality.

Fig. 2 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 2. Time taken for water uptake using setal tuft(s) on one-side and on both sides of carapace in gravid and non-gravid Ocypode gaudichaudii., female;, mixed sexes.

Fig. 3 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 3. Scatterplots of the A) length and B) width of setal tuft in relation to carapace width of Ocypode gaudichaudii., ---- male;, — female.

Fig. 1. A in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 1. A, Ocypode gaudichaudii with portion of carapace cut away showing relative portions of structures involved in water uptake (adapted from Wolcott 1976); B, width of setal tuft (adapted from Wolcott 1984); C, length of setal tuft.

Fig. 3 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 3. Scyllarides squammosus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), nisto. A: Body, dorsal, a pair of antennules omitted; B: Body, lateral (left), ventral side of telson in gray. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 2. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the subfamily Arctidinae with partial sequences of COI and 16S. Posterior probability (Pp) values are shown when above 0.8. The tree was constructed basically with both the COI and 16S sequences, but the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with hash (#) were inferred only from the COI and those with delta (Δ) were inferred only from the 16S, due to a lack of information. Asterisks (*) indicate the OTUs with sequences resulting from the mitogenome.

Fig. 5 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 5. Scyllarides squammosus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), nisto. A: Pereiopods, left, ventral, degenerated exopods shown in shaded; B: Pleopod 3, right, anterior, with enlarged distal ends of pleopods 1 and 3 (a) and pleopods 2 and 4 (b); C: Telson, dorsal; D: Uropod, right, dorsal. Scale bars: A, D = 3 mm; C = 2 mm, B = 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 1. Scyllarides squammosus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), nisto. A: in situ, live (photographed by Hideki Abe, reproduced with permission from Wakabayashi et al. 2017a, p. 59 in which the nisto was named as Scyllarides sp.); B: fixed specimen (NSMT-Cr 30950) in 99% ethanol. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 4. Scyllarides squammosus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), nisto. A: Antennule, right, ventrolateral; B: Mandibles, ventral; C: Maxillule, right, ventral; D: Maxilla, right, ventral; E: First maxilliped, right, dorsal; F: Second maxilliped, right, ventral; G: Third maxilliped, right, dorsal. Scale bars: A, E, G = 1 mm; B, F = 0.5 mm; C, D = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Fig. 1 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 6. Feeding rate of Phestilla subodiosa on Montipora peltiformis. Each datum represents mean ± SD of four replicates.

Fig. 5 in Fig. 1 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 5. Early development in Phestilla subodiosa. A, Newly laid egg mass attached to denuded coral skeleton. B, Developing embryos in the egg mass. C, A veliger. D, a post-metamorphosis juvenile. Scale bars: A–B = 500 µm; C = 200 µm; D = 300 µm.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 1 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 4. Internal morphology of Phestilla subodiosa. A, Close-up of a section of the dorsum and two cerata; note that there is no cnidosac at the tip. B, dinoflagellates inside the cerata and the body (indicated by white arrows indicated). C, Jaw. D, Radula. E, Drawing of reproductive system; fm: Female gland; am: ampulla; pg: penile gland; vd: vas deferens. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B = 250 µm; C = 150 µm; D = 25 µm; E = 120 µm.

Fig. 3. Selected photographs showing Phestilla subodiosa. and its coral host. A in Fig. 1 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 3. Selected photographs showing Phestilla subodiosa. and its coral host. A, several individuals of Phestilla subodiosa. feeding on a fragment of Montipora peltiformis, with a clear feeding scar along the lower edge. B, Dorsal view of SCSMBC030984. C–D, Dorsal view and ventral view of SCSMBC030985, respectively; E, Dorsal view of SCSMBC030986. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B–E = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Fig. 1 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 2. Selected photographs showing Phestilla subodiosa in the field. A, several adult individuals of Phestilla subodiosa feeding on a fragment of Montipora peltiformis. White arrows indicate the nudibranchs, yellow arrows indicate their egg masses. B, One juvenile and one adult individuals of Phestilla subodiosa feeding on a fragment of Montipora peltiformis. White arrows indicate the nudibranchs, yellow arrows indicate their egg masses. C, A juvenile individuals of Phestilla subodiosa feeding on a fragment of Montipora peltiformis. White arrows indicate the nudibranchs. Scale bars: A– C = 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 1 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic trees constructed using concatenated COI/16S rRNA/H3 sequence. Left: Maximum Likelihood tree with bootstrap values> 50 shown in the node. Right: Bayesian Inference tree with posterior probability values> 0.7 shown in the node.

Fig. 7 in Fig. 1 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 7. Photographs showing the individuals of Phestilla subodiosa were killed by non-host coral species. A, Pavona deccussata. B, Porites lutea. C– D: Duncanopsammia peltata.