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74 results for “Parthenogenesis”
Data from: Inter-clonal competition over queen succession imposes a cost of parthenogenesis on termite colonies
<p>In social insect colonies, selfish behaviour due to intracolonial conflict among members can result in colony-level costs despite close relatedness. In certain termite species, queens use asexual reproduction for within-colony queen succession but rely on sexual reproduction for worker and alate production, resulting in multiple half-clones of a single primary queen competing for personal reproduction. Our study demonstrates that competition over asexual queen succession among different clone types leads to the overproduction of parthenogenetic offspring, resulting in the production of dysfunctional parthenogenetic alates. By genotyping the queens of 23 field colonies of <em>Reticulitermes speratus</em>, we found that clone variation in the queen population reduces as colonies develop. Field sampling of alates and primary reproductives of incipient colonies showed that overproduced parthenogenetic offspring develop into alates that have significantly smaller body sizes and much lower survivorship than sexually-produced alates. Our results indicate that while the production of earlier and more parthenogenetic eggs is advantageous for winning the competition for personal reproduction, it comes at a great cost to the colony. Thus, this study highlights the evolutionary interplay between individual-level and colony-level selection on parthenogenesis by queens.</p>
Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii
<p>Closely related sexual and parthenogenetic species often show distinct distribution patterns, known as geographical parthenogenesis. These patterns, characterized by a mosaic of separate sexual and parthenogenetic populations across their natural range, can also be found in facultative parthenogens – species in which every female is capable of both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. The underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon in nature remain unclear. Features of the habitat, such as differences in host plant phenotypes or niche breadth, could favour sexual or asexual reproductive modes and thus help to explain geographical parthenogenesis in natural insect populations. <em>Megacrania batesii</em> is a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect that displays geographical parthenogenesis in the wild. We aimed to explore whether sexual and parthenogenetic populations of <em>M. batesii</em> displayed niche differentiation or variations in niche breadth that could explain the separation of the two population types. To do this, we sampled host plants from across the range of <em>M. batesii</em> and quantified phenotypic traits that might affect palatability or accessibility for <em>M. batesii</em>, including leaf thickness, toughness, spike size and density, height, and chemical composition. We also quantified host plant density, which could affect <em>M. batesii</em> dispersal. We found little evidence of phenotypic differences between host plants supporting sexual versus asexual <em>M. batesii</em> populations, and no difference in host-plant density or niche breadth between the two population types. Our results suggest that habitat parameters do not play a substantial role in shaping patterns of geographical parthenogenesis in wild populations of <em>M. batesii</em>. Instead, population sex ratio variation could result from interactions between the sexes or dispersal dynamics.</p>
Spontaneous parthenogenesis in the parasitoid wasp Cotesia typhae: low frequency anomaly or evolving process?
<p>Raw data linked to the manuscript, including phenotyping and genotyping results for all Cotesia typhae females analyzed in this study.</p>
Fig. 5 in The Alternative Distribution Of Related Earthworms Aporrectodea Caliginosa And A. Trapezoides (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) In Ukraine As A Case Of Geographical Parthenogenesis
Fig. 5. Changes in the proportion of A. trapezoides in A. caliginosa s. l. sample sets depending on geographical longitude.
Fig. 3. A. caliginosa–A in The Alternative Distribution Of Related Earthworms Aporrectodea Caliginosa And A. Trapezoides (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) In Ukraine As A Case Of Geographical Parthenogenesis
Fig. 3. A. caliginosa–A. trapezoides specimens ratio in A. caliginosa s. l. sample sets. Black filling — A. caliginosa, cross-hatching — A. trapezoids.
Data from: What ecological factors favor parthenogenesis over sexual reproduction? A study on the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus in natural populations
<p>Different reproductive modes are characterized by costs and benefits which depend on ecological contexts. For example, sex can provide benefits under complex biotic interactions, while its costs increase under mate limitation. Furthermore, ecological contexts often vary along abiotic gradients. Here, we study how these factors simultaneously influence the frequency of sex in the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus . We first verified that parthenogenesis translates into female-biased population sex ratios. We then measured the density of individuals (a proxy for mate limitation) and community diversity (biotic interaction complexity) for 159 A. muticus populations covering a broad altitudinal gradient and used structural equation modeling to investigate their direct and indirect influences on sex ratios. We found no effect of community diversity or altitude on sex ratios. Furthermore, even when females can reproduce parthenogenetically, they generally reproduce sexually, indicating that the benefits of sex exceed its costs in most situations. Sex ratios only become female-biased under low population densities, as expected if mate limitation was the main factor selecting for parthenogenesis. Mate limitation might be widespread in mayflies because of their short adult lifespan and limited dispersal, which can generate strong selection for reproductive assurance and may provide a stepping-stone towards obligate parthenogenesis.</p>
Fig. 3 in The first gynandromorph of a zorapteran and potential thelytokous parthenogenesis in a population of Zorotypus brasiliensis Silvestri (Zoraptera: Zorotypidae)
Fig. 3. Apical abdominal sclerites and genitalia of gynandromorph and normal-type female of Zorotypus brasiliensis Silvestri. (A) Ventral view of sternum VII and sternum VIII of gynandromorph. (B) Dorsal view of genitalia of gynandromorph, showing spermatheca, spermathecal duct, and genital fork (vulva). (C) Ventral view of genitalia of gynandromorph, with lobes labeled according Delamare Deboutteville (1956) and Silvestri (1947). (D) Dissected sternum IX, largely desclerotized, of normal-type female. Scale = 0.1 mm.
Fig. 1 in The first gynandromorph of a zorapteran and potential thelytokous parthenogenesis in a population of Zorotypus brasiliensis Silvestri (Zoraptera: Zorotypidae)
Fig. 1. Bilateral gynandromorph of Zorotypus brasiliensis Silvestri from near Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. (A) Antennae. (B) Left metafemur (male side). Scale = 0.2 mm.
Discovery of facultative parthenogenesis in a New World crocodile
<p>Over the past two decades, there has been an astounding growth in the documentation of vertebrate facultative parthenogenesis (FP). This unusual reproductive mode has been documented in birds, non-avian reptiles—specifically lizards and snakes—, and elasmobranch fishes. Part of this growth among vertebrate taxa is attributable to awareness of the phenomenon itself and advances in molecular genetics/genomics and bioinformatics, and as such our understanding has developed considerably. Nonetheless, questions remain as to its occurrence outside of these vertebrate lineages, most notably in Chelonia (turtles) and Crocodylia (crocodiles, alligators, and gharials). The latter group is particularly interesting because unlike all previously documented cases of FP in vertebrates, crocodilians lack sex chromosomes and sex determination is controlled by temperature. Here, using whole-genome sequencing data, we provide the first evidence of FP in a crocodilian, the American Crocodile, <em>Crocodylus acutus</em>. The data support terminal fusion automixis as the reproductive mechanism; a finding which suggests a common evolutionary origin of FP across reptiles, crocodilians, and birds. With FP now documented in the two main branches of extant archosaurs, this discovery offers tantalizing insights into the possible reproductive capabilities of the extinct archosaurian relatives of crocodilians and birds, notably members of Pterosauria and Dinosauria.</p>
Discovery of facultative parthenogenesis in a New World crocodile
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Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii
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Data from: Inter-clonal competition over queen succession imposes a cost of parthenogenesis on termite colonies
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Data from: What ecological factors favor parthenogenesis over sexual reproduction? A study on the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus in natural populations
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Data from: Could adult or juvenile dispersal shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic phasmid Megacrania batesii
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Data from: Extremely widespread parthenogenesis and a trade-off between alternative forms of reproduction in mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
<p><span>Studying alternative forms of reproduction in natural populations is of fundamental importance for understanding the costs and benefits of sex. Mayflies are one of the few animal groups where sexual reproduction co-occurs with different types of parthenogenesis, providing ideal conditions for identifying benefits of sex in natural populations. Here, we establish a catalogue of all known mayfly species capable of reproducing by parthenogenesis, as well as species unable to do so. Overall, 1.8% of the described species reproduce parthenogenetically, which is an order of magnitude higher than reported in other animal groups. This frequency even reaches 47.8% if estimates are based on the number of studied rather than described mayfly species, as reproductive modes have thus far been studied in only 17 out of 42 families. We find that sex is a more successful strategy than parthenogenesis (associated with a higher hatching success of eggs), with a trade-off between the hatching success of parthenogenetic and sexual eggs. This means that improving the capacity for parthenogenesis may come at a cost for sexual reproduction. Such a trade-off can help explain why facultative parthenogenesis is extremely rare among animals despite its potential to combine the benefits of sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. We argue that parthenogenesis is frequently selected in mayflies in spite of this probable trade-off because their typically low dispersal ability and short and fragile adult life may frequently generate situations of mate limitation in females. Mayflies are currently clearly underappreciated for understanding the benefits of sex under natural conditions.</span></p>
Fig. 1. A. caliginosa–A in The Alternative Distribution Of Related Earthworms Aporrectodea Caliginosa And A. Trapezoides (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) In Ukraine As A Case Of Geographical Parthenogenesis
Fig. 1. A. caliginosa–A. trapezoides sample locations from the territory of Ukraine.
Genetic diversity and the origins of parthenogenesis in the teiid lizard Aspidoscelis laredoensis
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Unisexual vertebrates typically form through hybridization events between sexual species in which reproductive mode transitions occur in the hybrid offspring. This evolutionary history is thought to have important consequences for the ecology of unisexual lineages and their interactions with congeners in natural communities. However, these consequences have proven challenging to study owing to uncertainty about patterns of population genetic diversity in unisexual lineages. Of particular interest is resolving the contribution of historical hybridization events vs. postformational mutation to patterns of genetic diversity in nature. Here we use restriction site associated DNA genotyping to evaluate genetic diversity and demographic history in <i>Aspidoscelis laredoensis</i>, a diploid unisexual lizard species from the vicinity of the Rio Grande River in southern Texas and northern Mexico. The sexual progenitor species from which one or more lineages are derived also occur in the Rio Grande Valley region, although patterns of distribution across individual sites are quite variable. Results from population genetic and phylogenetic analyses resolved the major axes of genetic variation in this species and highlight how these match predictions based on historical patterns of hybridization. We also found discordance between results of demographic modelling using different statistical approaches with the genomic data. We discuss these insights within the context of the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that generate and maintain lineage diversity in unisexual species. As one of the most dynamic, intriguing, and geographically well investigated groups of whiptail lizards, these species hold substantial promise for future studies on the constraints of diversification in unisexual vertebrates.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Extremely widespread parthenogenesis and a trade-off between alternative forms of reproduction in mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
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Data from: Population genomics and geographical parthenogenesis in Japanese harvestmen (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae, Leiobunum)
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Genetic diversity and the origins of parthenogenesis in the teiid lizard Aspidoscelis laredoensis
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