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37 results for “Partial migration”
Data from: Early-life variation in migration is subject to strong fluctuating survival selection in a partially migratory bird
<p>Population dynamic and eco-evolutionary responses to environmental variation and change fundamentally depend on combinations of within- and among-cohort variation in phenotypic expression of key life-history traits, and on corresponding variation in selection on those traits. Specifically, in partially migratory populations, spatio-seasonal dynamics depend on the degree of adaptive phenotypic expression of seasonal migration versus residence, where more individuals migrate when selection favours migration.</p> <p>Opportunity for adaptive (or, conversely, maladaptive) expression could be particularly substantial in early life, through initial development of migration versus residence. However, within- and among-cohort dynamics of early-life migration, and of associated survival selection, have not been quantified in any system, preventing any inference on adaptive early-life expression. Such analyses have been precluded because data on seasonal movements and survival of sufficient young individuals, across multiple cohorts, have not been collected.</p> <p>We undertook extensive year-round field resightings of 9,359 colour-ringed juvenile European Shags (<em>Gulosus aristotelis</em>) from 11 successive cohorts in a partially-migratory population. We fitted advanced Bayesian multi-state capture-mark-recapture models to quantify early-life variation in migration versus residence and associated survival across short temporal occasions through each cohort's first year from fledging, thereby quantifying the degree of adaptive phenotypic expression of migration within and across years.</p> <p>All cohorts were highly partially migratory, but the degree and timing of migration varied considerably within and among cohorts. Episodes of strong survival selection on migration versus residence occurred both on short timeframes within years, and cumulatively across whole years, generating instances of instantaneous and cumulative net selection that would be obscured at coarser temporal resolutions. Further, the magnitude and direction of selection varied among years, generating strong fluctuating survival selection on early-life migration across cohorts, as rarely evidenced in nature. Yet, the degree of migration did not strongly covary with the direction of selection, indicating limited early-life adaptive phenotypic expression.</p> <p>These results reveal how dynamic early-life expression and selection on a key life-history trait, seasonal migration, can emerge across seasonal, annual, and multi-year timeframes, yet be substantially decoupled. This restricts the potential for adaptive phenotypic, micro-evolutionary, and population dynamic responses to changing seasonal environments.</p>
Data from: Ontogeny of migration destination, route and timing in a partially migratory bird
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <ol> <li>In migratory animals, the developmental period from inexperienced juveniles to breeding adults could be a key life stage in shaping population migration patterns. Nevertheless, the development of migration routines in early life remains underexplored. While age-related changes in migration routes and timing have been described in obligate migrants, most investigations into the ontogeny of partial migrants only focused on age-dependency of migration as a binary tactic (migrant or resident), and variations in routes and timing among individuals classified as ‘migrants’ is rarely considered. </li> <li>To fill this gap, we study the ontogeny of migration destination, route and timing in a partially migratory red kite (<em>Milvus milvus</em>) population. Using an extensive GPS-tracking dataset (292 fledglings and 38 adults, with 1 – 5 migrations tracked per individual), we studied how 9 different migration characteristics changed with age and breeding status in migrant individuals, many of which become resident later in life.</li> <li>Individuals departed later from and arrived earlier at the breeding areas as they aged, resulting in a gradual prolongation of stay in the breeding area by two months from the first to the fifth migration. Individuals delayed southward migration in the year prior to territory acquirement, and they further delayed it after occupying a territory. Migration routes became more direct with age. Individuals were highly faithful to their wintering site. Migration distance shortened only slightly with age and was more similar among siblings than among unrelated individuals.</li> <li>The large gradual changes in northward and southward migrations suggest a high degree of plasticity in temporal characteristics during the developmental window. However, the high wintering site fidelity points towards large benefits of site familiarity, prompting spatial migratory plasticity to be expressed through a switch to residency. </li> <li>The contrasting patterns of trajectories of age-related changes between spatial and temporal migration characteristics might reflect different mechanisms underlying the expression of plasticity. Investigating such patterns among species along the entire spectrum of migration tactics would enable further understanding of the plastic responses exhibited by migratory species to rapid environmental changes.</li> </ol>
Data for the publication "MgB2Se4 Spinels (B = Sc, Y, Er, Tm) as Potential Mg-Ion Solid Electrolytes – Partial Ionic Conductivity and the Ion Migration Barrier"
<h1><strong>Description Datasets</strong></h1> <p>Datasets are obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry (CA), chronopotentiometry (CP) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV).</p> <h1><strong>Abstract</strong></h1> <p>The magnesium chalcogenide spinel MgSc~2~Se~4~ with high Mg-ion room-temperature conductivity has recently attracted interest as solid electrolyte for magnesium ion batteries. Its ionic/electronic mixed-conducting nature and the influence of the spinel composition on the conductivity and Mg^2+^ migration barrier are yet not well understood. Here, results from a combined experimental and computational study on four MgB~2~Se~4~ spinels (B = Sc, Y, Er, Tm) are presented. The room-temperature ionic conductivities (<em>σ</em>~ion~ = 2x10^–5^–7x10^–5^ S cm^–1^) of the spinels are accurately measured, as electron transport is effectively suppressed by purely Mg-ion conducting electrode interlayers. Using the same approach, reversible Mg plating/stripping as well as good electrochemical stability are achieved. Driven by the good accordance of the computationally and experimentally obtained Mg^2+^ migration barriers <em>E</em>~a~(th) and <em>E</em>~a~, respectively, further periodic density functional calculations are performed on the MgB~2~Se~4~ spinel system, revealing the role of trigonal distortion on the migration path geometry and <em>E</em>~a~(th). These findings provide deeper understanding how to reach small Mg^2+^ migration barriers <em>E</em>~a~ in the MgB~2~Se~4~ spinels.</p>
Sex, body size, and winter weather explain migration strategies in a partial migrant population of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius)
<p>Given increasing evidence that climate change affects the annual cycles of birds, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying individual migration strategies and population-level patterns in partial migrants. In this study, we found that thermoregulation (body size and winter temperatures) was a key driver of American Kestrel (<em>Falco</em> <em>sparverius</em>) migration decisions. The annual proportion of migrants in the population, however, was not explained by winter weather and may be the result of differential survival. We measured stable hydrogen isotope values (δD) of talon tissues collected from 501 breeding and overwintering birds to distinguish migrant from resident kestrels in a partially migratory population of American Kestrels in southwestern Idaho in 2013–2021. We then evaluated drivers of migration decisions by assessing potential correlates of migration strategies, whether individuals switched migration strategies between years, and whether the proportion of migrants in the population changed over time or was correlated with winter weather. Male kestrels were 1.6 times more likely to migrate than females, and in colder than average winters, smaller birds of both sexes were more likely to migrate than larger birds. Only 27% of 26 recaptured individuals showed evidence of switching their migration strategies on an annual basis. There was no temporal trend in the proportion of migrants in the population, but proportions varied between years. Interestingly, there was no association between winter minimum temperature anomalies and annual migrant proportions in the population, suggesting that differential over-winter survival, or other stochastic processes, may play an important role in population composition. As winters continue to warm, fewer kestrels may migrate and more may remain resident on breeding grounds. However, it is unclear how changes in migration strategies might affect population-level patterns and resilience to climate change.</p>
Lifetime carryover of early partial migration behaviors in an estuarine-dependent fish under climate change
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Sex, body size, and winter weather explain migration strategies in a partial migrant population of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius)
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Season-specific genetic variation underlies early-life migration in a partially migratory bird
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Data from: Early-life variation in migration is subject to strong fluctuating survival selection in a partially migratory bird
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Data from: Among-individual and within-individual variation in seasonal migration covaries with subsequent reproductive success in a partially-migratory bird
<p>Within-individual and among-individual variation in expression of key environmentally-sensitive traits, and associated variation in fitness components occurring within and between years, determine the extents of phenotypic plasticity and selection and shape population responses to changing environments. Reversible seasonal migration is one key trait that directly mediates spatial escape from seasonally-deteriorating environments, causing spatio-seasonal population dynamics. Yet, within-individual and among-individual variation in seasonal migration versus year-round residence, and dynamic associations with subsequent reproductive success, have not been fully quantified. We used novel capture-mark-recapture mixture models to assign individual European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) to 'resident, 'early migrant' or 'late migrant' strategies in two consecutive years, using year-round local resightings. We demonstrate substantial among-individual variation in strategy within years, and directional within-individual change between years. Further, subsequent reproductive success varied substantially among strategies, and relationships differed between years; residents and late migrants had highest success in the two years respectively, matching the years in which these strategies were most frequently expressed. These results imply that migratory strategies can experience fluctuating reproductive selection, and that flexible expression of migration can be partially aligned with reproductive outcomes. Plastic seasonal migration could then potentially contribute to adaptive population responses to currently changing forms of environmental seasonality.</p>
Data from: Do genomics and sex predict migration in a partially migratory salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss?
Partial migration is a common phenomenon wherein populations include migratory and resident individuals. Whether an individual migrates or not has important ecological and management implications, particularly within protected populations. Within partially migratory populations of O. mykiss, migration is highly correlated with a specific genomic region, but it is unclear how well this region predicts migration at the individual level. Here, we relate sex and life history genotype, determined using >400 SNPs on the migratory-linked genomic region, to life history expression of marked juvenile O. mykiss from two tributaries to the South Fork Eel River, northern California. Most resident fish were resident-genotypes (57% resident, 37% heterozygous, 6% migratory genotype) and male (78%). Most migratory fish were female (62%), but were a mixture of genotypes (30% resident, 45% heterozygous, 25% migratory genotype). Sex was more strongly correlated with life history expression than genotype, but the best-supported model included both. Resident genotypes regularly migrated, highlighting the importance of conserving the full suite of life history and genetic diversity in partially migratory populations.
Seasonal release from competition explains partial migration in European moose
Partial migration, whereby a proportion of a population migrates between distinct seasonal ranges, is common throughout the animal kingdom. However, studies linking existing theoretical models of migration probability, with empirical data are lacking. The competitive release hypothesis for partial migration predicts that due to density-dependent habitat selection, the proportion of migrants increases as the relative quality and size of the seasonal range increases, but decreases with increasing migration cost and population density. To test this prediction, we developed a quantitative framework to predict the proportion of migrants, using empirical data from 545 individually GPS-marked moose (Alces alces) from across Fennoscandia, spanning latitudes of 56° to 68°N. Moose contracted their ranges to common and spatially limited winter areas (typically at lower elevation), but expanded them during summer due to an increase in suitable habitat (at highland ranges). As predicted from our model, a better and larger highland range relative to the lowland range corresponded to a higher proportion of migrants in an area. Quantitative predictions coupling the balance of habitat availability of seasonal ranges with the probability of migrating in a large herbivore is a necessary step towards an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms underlying migration at the population level.
Partial migration in Magellanic penguins
<p>We study the migration of Magellanic penguins at the southern tip of the breeding distribution. We found for the first time for this species evidence of partial migration within the same colony. Forty-three percent of the penguins studied stayed within ~290 km from the colony (residents), while others went northwards as far as 2000 km. All penguins spent the same amount of time at sea and traveled similar total distances, but residents experienced colder waters (2 °C less) and lower chlorophyll-a habitats than migrants. The two habitats are inhabited by different prey items, consequently giving the penguins different possibilities of prey items. We have shown individual strategies with high variability in the non-breeding dispersion behavior of Magellanic penguins, nonetheless, further research is required to understand the proximate and ultimate causes and the consequences of this behavior.</p>
Data from: Carry-over effects of seasonal migration on reproductive success through breeding site retention in a partially migratory bird
<p>Understanding the maintenance and dynamics of phenotypic polymorphisms requires unpicking key ecological mechanisms shaping the fitness costs and benefits of expressing alternative phenotypes, generating selection. Seasonal migration versus year-round residence expressed in partially migratory populations represents one common polymorphism that can experience strong selection through differential reproductive success. Yet, key hypothesised pathways that could generate such selection remain to be empirically tested.</p> <p>One hypothesis is that migratory tactics affect subsequent reproductive success through carry-over effects on breeding site retention and resulting breeding dispersal. By remaining in breeding areas all year round, residents could retain their preferred breeding site between years, and consequently have higher reproductive success. Conversely, migrants that escape harsh non-breeding season conditions could return in better condition, with high resource holding potential, and outcompete residents to retain their site. Such effects could further depend on migration timing and vary between years. Yet, such pathways have not been quantified, precluding empirical parameterisation of partial migration theory. </p> <p>We used four years of breeding and non-breeding season data from partially migratory European shags (<em>Gulosus aristotelis</em>) to test whether the three most frequent migratory tactics in this population (full resident, early migrant departing soon after breeding, and late migrant departing in late autumn) differed in their breeding site retention; whether site retention predicted reproductive success; and hence whether effects of migratory tactic on reproductive success were explicable through site retention.</p> <p>Overall, residents were much more likely to retain their breeding site between years than both early and late migrants, and site retention was associated with increased reproductive success. Yet, these effects varied somewhat among years: late migrants were always least likely to retain their site but had variable relative reproductive success. Path analyses revealed that effects of migratory tactic on reproductive success were only partly attributable to breeding site retention.</p> <p>These results indicate that multiple mechanisms underlie reproductive selection on migratory tactics, potentially contributing to maintaining behavioural polymorphisms. Yet, the clear associations between migratory tactics and local breeding dispersal reveal that these movements can be strongly interlinked across seasons, shaping overall spatio-seasonal dynamics in partially migratory systems.</p>
Data from: Hierarchical variation in phenotypic flexibility across timescales and associated survival selection shape the dynamics of partial seasonal migration
<p>Population responses to environmental variation ultimately depend on within-individual and among-individual variation in labile phenotypic traits that affect fitness, and resulting episodes of selection. Yet, complex patterns of individual phenotypic variation arising within and between time periods, and associated variation in selection, have not been fully conceptualised or quantified. We highlight how structured patterns of phenotypic variation in dichotomous threshold traits can theoretically arise and experience varying forms of selection, shaping overall phenotypic dynamics. We then fit novel multistate models to ten years of band-resighting data from European shags to quantify phenotypic variation and selection in a key threshold trait underlying spatio-seasonal population dynamics: seasonal migration versus residence. First, we demonstrate substantial among-individual variation alongside substantial between-year individual repeatability in within-year phenotypic variation ('flexibility'), with weak sexual dimorphism. Second, we demonstrate that between-year individual variation in within-year phenotypes ('supraflexibility') is structured and directional, consistent with the threshold trait model. Third, we demonstrate strong survival selection on within-year phenotypes, and hence on flexibility, that varies across years and sexes, including episodes of disruptive selection representing costs of flexibility. By quantitatively combining these results, we show how supraflexibility and survival selection on migratory flexibility jointly shape population-wide phenotypic dynamics of seasonal movement.</p>
Drivers of partial migration in the reddish egret Egretta rufescens
<p>The reddish egret <em>Egretta</em> <em>rufescens</em> is North America's rarest Ardeidae and is listed as 'Near Threatened' by the IUCN, as endangered in Mexico, and as a species of conservation concern throughout much of their range in the United States. Little is known about the migratory behavior of the reddish egret. Individuals that were banded during the breeding season in Texas, USA, have been resighted away from breeding areas; however, records are limited and the extent of migration is unknown. Using GPS transmitters, we found reddish egrets breeding in southern Texas exhibited a partial migration strategy, with 39% of the marked population migrating from breeding sites. We assessed the dominance, body size, and arrival time hypotheses to better understand the drivers of partial migration. We did not find support for the dominance or body size hypotheses; both males and females migrated, and migratory status of individuals did not change across the years of study. Long-distance migrants were also larger than resident individuals. We did find some support for the arrival time hypothesis. Residents began breeding earlier than long-distance migrants and had moderately greater nest success. However, within long-distance migrants, an earlier arrival to breeding areas did not necessarily equate to earlier nesting or greater nest success. This study is the first to examine the migratory behavior of adult reddish egrets and assesses the dominance, body size, and arrival time hypotheses as explanations for partial migration in this species. Further, the results of this study emphasize the need for international conservation efforts.</p>
Data from: Hierarchical variation in phenotypic flexibility across timescales and associated survival selection shape the dynamics of partial seasonal migration
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Drivers of partial migration in the reddish egret Egretta rufescens
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Raw data from: A partially migratory salmonid diversifies and shifts its migratory life history during the transition from anadromous to adfluvial migration
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Data from: Do genomics and sex predict migration in a partially migratory salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss?
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Data from: Carry-over effects of seasonal migration on reproductive success through breeding site retention in a partially migratory bird
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