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Figure 1d from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766

Figure 1d Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Trends from the largest P. vivipara population at Pitt Water. Each point is the mean of adult densities from numerous sampling events over each 2 year period. During 1976-83 a fixed 1 m2 quadrat was sampled (Prestedge 1998) while a different method was used from 2001-04 involving 25 m transects being sampled across the site (Ecomarine 2014). Other survey types (timed-search) have also found large population declines (see section 2.).

Figure 1b from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766

Figure 1b Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph of a boulder underside in P. parvivipara habitat with extensive encrustation of oyster shells that includes invasive Pacific oysters (bar = 5 cm).

Figure 1a from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766

Figure 1a Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph taken during surveys of Liversage (2015) showing P. parvivipara giving birth, with the bright orange juvenile emerging from parent's dorsal side (bar = 1 cm).

Figure 1c from: Liversage K, Byrne M (2018) A note on life-history traits and conservation concerns for viviparous Australian seastars (Parvulastra parvivipara and P. vivipara). Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e29766. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e29766

Figure 1c Photographs from P. parvivipara and P. vivipara habitat, and graph of P. vivipara population trends. - Photograph of P. vivipara during 1992 at Pit Water. Populations have become reduced in subsequent years which may be associated with increased siltation and overgrowth from encrusting species (bar = 5 cm).

Figure 2 from: Payne RP, Griffiths CL, von der Heyden S, Koch E (2015) The cushion–star Parvulastra exigua in South Africa: one species or more? ZooKeys 524: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.524.6145

Figure 2 - Map of South Africa demonstrating sampling localities and other locations mentioned in the text.

Figure 1 from: Payne RP, Griffiths CL, von der Heyden S, Koch E (2015) The cushion–star Parvulastra exigua in South Africa: one species or more? ZooKeys 524: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.524.6145

Figure 1 - Abactinal (A) and actinal (B) view of Parvulastra exigua, with equivalent views of Parvulastra dyscrita (E, F), with the Parvulastra exigua mottled color morph found on the east coast of South Africa (C) and an adult Parvulastra exigua laying sticky eggs via oral gonopores onto the underside of a rock (D). All photos by C.L. Griffiths; individuals not to scale, with approximate sizes given in Table 5.

Figure 5 from: Payne RP, Griffiths CL, von der Heyden S, Koch E (2015) The cushion–star Parvulastra exigua in South Africa: one species or more? ZooKeys 524: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.524.6145

Figure 5 - Parsimony haplotype network for (A) 37 Parvulastra exigua and (B) 7 Parvulastra dyscrita specimens. Circle size relates to the frequency of each haplotype, with color indicating origin of the individuals. Smallest circles represent one individual and one haplotype. Extinct or not sampled haplotypes are marked by a blue dot and each line represents one mutational step.

Figure 4 from: Payne RP, Griffiths CL, von der Heyden S, Koch E (2015) The cushion–star Parvulastra exigua in South Africa: one species or more? ZooKeys 524: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.524.6145

Figure 4 - Non–metric MDS ordination of all specimens analyzed. Two clear clusters displayed which represent the species Parvulastra dyscrita on the left, and the species Parvulastra exigua on the right. Circles indicate 75% similarity. The specimen causing a cluster overlap is of the species Parvulastra exigua, but has many of the morphological characteristics associated with Parvulastra dyscrita due to its large size and possibly collection location.

Figure 3 from: Payne RP, Griffiths CL, von der Heyden S, Koch E (2015) The cushion–star Parvulastra exigua in South Africa: one species or more? ZooKeys 524: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.524.6145

Figure 3 - Shape and color pattern of four specimens from each of the seven groups of seven specimens as defined in Table 4, and used in the genetic analyses. Letters indicate location of specimen collection as seen in Table 2. Photos by R.P. Payne; individuals not to scale, with approximate sizes given in Table 5.