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Fig. 7 in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 7. Nucleotide divergences of the cnidarians 18S and 28S rDNAs (datasets used in Table 1) based on corrected p-distances. Genetic distances between each paired sequence were calculated by the Kimura 2-parameter model, where a total of 16 cnidarian species were compared. Statistical analysis showed that the 18S rDNA divergences were significantly different from those of 28S rDNA (Student t-test, P <0.05, N = 66).

Fig. 6 in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships of the family Pelagiidae, including the genera Chrysaora, Pelagia and Sanderia, inferred from 18S rDNA (A), 28S rDNA (B) and morphological characters (C), which were redrawn from Fig. 95 in Morandini and Marques (2010). Phylogenetic trees of the rDNAs were constructed using the maximum-likelihood (ML) algorithms with the GTR+G model. A jellyfish Cyanea capillata (the family Cyaneidae) was used as the outgroup. Additional Bayesian trees generated similar branch patterns. The first and second numbers at the nodes display bootstrap proportions (BP) and posterior probabilities (PP) obtained in the ML and Bayesian analyses, respectively. Branch lengths are proportional to the scale given. Thick lines represent congruent branches between 18S and 28S, and morphological systematics.

Fig. 4. A in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 4. A dot matrix comparison of rDNA sequences between Chrysaora pacifica (KY 212123) and Aurelia coerulea (EU276014). Color scale bars represent consecutive sequence length of some regions detected similarly between the two sequence pairs. The open boxes in matrices indicate rDNA coding regions such as 18S, 5.8S, and 28S.

Fig. 2. A in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 2. A schematic representation of the single unit of rDNA (A), and GC content (%), nucleic acid distribution (% thymine), sequence complexity, and entropy (dS) in 100-bp windows across the entire rDNA nucleotides of Chrysaora pacifica (B). In the full rDNA (A), solid boxes indicate the ribosomal RNA genes and thin lines represent ITS or IGS. Nucleotide sequences in length and GC composition of each locus are represented near a line by calculation from a single unit of rDNA. The putative transcription start site is represented by an arrow; solid inverted-triangles represent sub-repeats in IGS.

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships between jellyfishes within the order Semaeostomeae inferred from nearly complete 18S in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships between jellyfishes within the order Semaeostomeae inferred from nearly complete 18S rDNA (A) and partial 28S rDNA sequences (B) with maximum-likelihood (ML) algorithms. ML analyses of 18S and 28S were used as the nucleotide substitution model of GTR+G. Two hydrozoans (Hydractinia echinata and Podocoryne carnea for 18S rDNA; Astrohydra japonica and Melicertissa sp. for 28S) were included as the outgroups. Additional Bayesian analysis generated similar topology of the tree compared with the ML tree. Posterior probabilities (PP) from the analyses were incorporated into the ML tree to support the strength of each branch. The first and second numbers at the nodes display bootstrap proportions (BP) (> 50%) in ML and PP (> 0.50) in Bayesian, respectively. Branch lengths are proportional to the scale given. *Represents controversial species names, because they were suspected as different species by Bayha et al. (2017).

Fig. 1 in Comprehensive Analysis of the Jellyfish (Goette, 1886) (Semaeostomeae: Pelagiidae) with Description of the Complete rDNA Sequence.

Fig. 1. Live Chrysaora pacifica in natural habitat: basolateral (A and B), lateral (C) and apical view (D).

FIGURE 2 in A new sea-nettle from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Chrysaora pseudoocellata sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Pelagiidae)

FIGURE 2 (Continued). Basic characteristics of the false eyespot sea nettle: (M) various angled views of the pits, (N) exumbrellar surface without tentacles, not well developed marginal lappet and gonad and gastric pouch without filament of pre-juvenile specimens (umbrella diameter = 2.8 cm), (P) tiny tentacles on the smallest specimen and (Q) lateral view of the rhopalium pit apparently seen in conic shape of specimen in disc diameter of 10.5 cm. Specimens (A-J, Q) holotype and (K-P) paratypes. Specimens (A-B, Q) were alive, (C-L) were preserved in 3 % formaldehyde and (M-P) were preserved in 70 % alcohol. Labels include o: ocelli, r: rhopalium, t: tentacle, ml: marginal lappet, itl: inter-triple tentacle lappet, rl: rhopalium lappet, f: gastric filament, s: statocyst, g: gonad, p: pit, rsep: radial septa, d: discharged and ud: undischarged heterotrichous and holotrichous).

FIGURE 1 in A new sea-nettle from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Chrysaora pseudoocellata sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Pelagiidae)

FIGURE 1. The false eyespot sea nettle: (A) lateral view and (B) dorsal view of adult Chrysaora pseudoocellata sp. nov. and (C) free-swimming Chrysaora sp. in the sea near Israel (from Edelist et al. 2019).

FIGURE 2 in A new sea-nettle from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Chrysaora pseudoocellata sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Pelagiidae)

FIGURE 2. Basic characteristics of the false eyespot sea nettle: (A) ventral view with exumbrealla pit and close-up view, (B) lateral view of brown-coloured rhopalium pit of specimen preserved in 70% alcohol and top view of the pit (pigment dissolved) among the arrows for a specimen preserved in 3% formaldehyde, (C) statocyst, (D) ocelli, (E) cnidome of the tentacles of Chrysaora pseudoocellata sp. nov.; undischarged heterotrichous microbasic rhopaloid, 1 and un/discharged holotrichous A-isorhiza, 2-3, (F) cnidome of the tentacles; un/discharged holotrichous O-isorhiza, Specimens (A-J) holotype and (K-Q) paratypes. Specimens (A-B, Q) were alive, (C-L) were preserved in 3 % formaldehyde and (M-P) were preserved in 70 % alcohol. Labels include o: ocelli, r: rhopalium, t: tentacle, ml: marginal lappet, itl: inter-triple tentacle lappet, rl: rhopalium lappet, f: gastric filament, s: statocyst, g: gonad, p: pit, rsep: radial septa, d: discharged and ud: undischarged heterotrichous and holotrichous).

FIG. 3 in A preliminary phylogeny of Pelagiidae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa), with new observations of Chrysaora colorata comb. nov.

FIG. 3. Chrysaora colorata, mature medusa, with oral arms broken oOE. Note massiveness of bell and characteristic pigmentation pattern on exumbrellar surface.

FIG. 5 in A preliminary phylogeny of Pelagiidae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa), with new observations of Chrysaora colorata comb. nov.

FIG. 5. Scyphistoma and strobila of Chrysaora colorata: (a) scyphistoma; (b) early strobila; (c) late strobila. Note spiralling of tentacles in (a) and (b). Composite of three stages drawn from separate photographs.

FIG. 1 in A preliminary phylogeny of Pelagiidae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa), with new observations of Chrysaora colorata comb. nov.

FIG. 1. Quadralinga in two pelagiid species: (a) Chrysaora achylos, rounded linga from a live specimen. (b) Pelagia colorata, view through the top of the bell of a preserved specimen. (c) P. colorata, a clover-shaped lingum in a live specimen.

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FIGURE 3 in A new sea-nettle from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Chrysaora pseudoocellata sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Pelagiidae)

FIGURE 3. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference for combined data with and without (in red frame) Cyanea capillata of 28S, 16S and COI.

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FIGURE 2 in A new sea-nettle from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Chrysaora pseudoocellata sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Pelagiidae)

FIGURE 2 (Continued). Basic characteristics of the false eyespot sea nettle: (G-H) tentacle sequence per octant; triple-onetriple tentacle, 3-1-3, (I) shape of granulated marginal lappet and inter-triple tentacle lappet, (J) rhopalium lappet and statocyst of adult specimens (umbrella diameter> 10 cm), (K) tentacle sequence per octant; triple and duplicate tentacle, 2-1-2, (L) gonad and gastric pouch and filaments of juvenile specimens (umbrella diameter = 5.5 cm). Specimens (A-J) holotype and (K-Q) paratypes. Specimens (A-B, Q) were alive, (C-L) were preserved in 3 % formaldehyde and (M-P) were preserved in 70 % alcohol. Labels include o: ocelli, r: rhopalium, t: tentacle, ml: marginal lappet, itl: inter-triple tentacle lappet, rl: rhopalium lappet, f: gastric filament, s: statocyst, g: gonad, p: pit, rsep: radial septa, d: discharged and ud: undischarged heterotrichous and holotrichous).

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FIG. 7 in A preliminary phylogeny of Pelagiidae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa), with new observations of Chrysaora colorata comb. nov.

FIG. 7. Juvenile Chrysaora colorata medusa, from culture at Monterey Bay Aquarium. Note elongation of manubrium and separate oral arms, both found in the juvenile phase only.