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Figure 4 in Litoria aplini sp. nov., a New Species of Treefrog (Pelodryadidae) from Papua New Guinea

Figure 4. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogram of relationships between mitochondrial ND4 nucleotide sequences of Litoria. Numbers at nodes are: left—Bayesian posterior probabilities, right—ML bootstrap proportions.

Figure 1 in Litoria aplini sp. nov., a New Species of Treefrog (Pelodryadidae) from Papua New Guinea

Figure 1. Views of Litoria aplini holotype (SAMA R71463) in preservative. (A) dorsal; (B) ventral (scale bar = 10 mm); (C) palmar; and (D) plantar surfaces (scale bar = 5 mm).

Figure 3 in Litoria aplini sp. nov., a New Species of Treefrog (Pelodryadidae) from Papua New Guinea

Figure 3. Closely related species that could be confused with Litoria aplini: (A) Litoria iris (SAMA R71615), adult male in life (Hindenburg Range, Western Province); (B) Litoria iris showing bright colours on hidden surfaces of the hind legs (unvouchered animal, Hela Province); (C) Litoria majikthise (SAMA R65042), in life, Muller Range, Western Province); (D, E) Litoria majikthise (SAMA R65042), showing colour ventrally and on hidden surfaces of hind limbs; and (F) Litoria ollauro, Milne Bay Province, photo courtesy of Fred Kraus.

Figure 2 in Litoria aplini sp. nov., a New Species of Treefrog (Pelodryadidae) from Papua New Guinea

Figure 2. Type series of Litoria aplini in life: (A) SAMA R71463; (B) SAMA R71465; (C) SAMA R71464; (D) SJR12834 (PNGNM); (E) SAMA R71463, in ventral view; and (F) SAMA R71463, ventral surfaces of hind limb.

Figure 7 in Litoria aplini sp. nov., a New Species of Treefrog (Pelodryadidae) from Papua New Guinea

Figure 7. Habitat of Litoria aplini: (A) forest interior at the type locality; and (B) males were calling from trees over small pools (arrow) in the bed of a steep, narrow limestone gully.

Fig 1 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig 1. Selected frogs in the Litoria graminea (A–B) and Litoria infrafrenata (C–F) groups that occur in the western (Indonesian) half of New Guinea. A, Litoria huntorum from the foothills of the Foja Mountains, B, L. pallidofemora from Batanta Island, C, Litoria infrafrenata from Batanta Island, D, Litoria lubisi from Timika region, E, Litoria multicolor from the Wondowoi Mountains, and F, Litoria purpureolata from Biak Island. Note the typically less extensive webbing on the fingers and toes of species in the Litoria infrafrenata group. Photographs: A–D, Stephen Richards, E–F, Rainer Günther.

Fig. 4 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 4. Details of Litoria azuroscelis, new species, holotype MZB Amph. 32893 in preservative. A, Details of eye showing largely unpigmented nictitating membranes, B, dorsal view of head, C, details of hand show moderately extensive webbing, and D, whole animal showing colouration in preservative.

Fig. 2 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 2. Details of nuptial excrescences in frogs from the Litoria infrafrenata (A–B) and Litoria graminea groups (C–F). A, Litoria purpureolata, B, Litoria lubisi, C, L. pallidofemora, D, L. pterodactyla, E, L. huntorum, and F, L. azuroscelis, new species. Note very fine excrescences in the two species from the Litoria infrafrenata group (A and B).

Fig 3 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig 3. Litoria azuroscelis, new species, holotype MZB Amph. 32893 in life. A, lateral view, B, more dorsal view highlighting blue wash on groin and hidden surfaces of hindlimbs. Photographs: Rainer Günther.

Fig. 7 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 7. Forest interior at Maja Waterfall, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, the type locality of Litoria azuroscelis, new species. Photograph: Rainer Günther.

Fig. 5. A in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 5. A, Spectrogram of male Litoria azuroscelis, new species, and B, amplitude spectrum for calls in 5A. Calls recorded at 25°C.

Fig. 6 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 6. Map of New Guinea with the type locality of Litoria azuroscelis, new species, at the base of the Wandammen Peninsula indicated by a red star.

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Figure 6 in Litoria aplini sp. nov., a New Species of Treefrog (Pelodryadidae) from Papua New Guinea

Figure 6. Map of Papua New Guinea showing the type locality of Litoria aplini.

FIGURE 10 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 10. Photographs of breeding habitat for L. watsoni sp. nov. A) Permanent stream with larger interconnected and isolated pools at Tianjara (K. Klop-Toker), B) pond in Nadgee (R. Bilney); and L. littlejohni C) permanent stream with larger interconnected and isolated pools at Dharawal National Park (K. Klop-Toker), D) pond in the Watagan Mountains.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 7. Regression of pulse repetition rate against temperature. Litoria littlejohni—red circles, L. watsoni sp. nov.—blue squares. Equations for the regression lines, R2 value and F test for significance for each species are also included. Shaded areas 90% CI.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 4. SVD Quartets phylogeny for Litoria based on SNP genotypes with ambiguity codes substituted for heterozygous sites.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 1. Map showing the distribution of genotyped samples of Litoria littlejohni [red squares] and Litoria watsoni sp. nov. [blue circles] and museum voucher records from the Atlas of Living Australia, accessed July 2018 [small black circles]. Symbols arrowed with letters indicate type locations. See Table 1 for key to location numbers.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 6. Comparison of the male advertisement calls of A–B) L. littlejohni (ABTC 80813) McKenzie Road, Watagan Mountains, and C–D) the holotype of L. watsoni sp. nov. (AMS R186898), Parma Creek Nature Reserve. A) and C) Waveform and spectrogram of a single call; B) and D) Waveform and spectrogram of two notes with the time axis expanded, showing the pulses. Calls in A) and C) comprise 11 and nine notes respectively.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 3. Analyses of SNP data for Litoria littlejohni and Litoria watsoni sp. nov. A) PCoA plot based on 10,901 SNPs and B) STRUCTURE barplot.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia

FIGURE 9. Images of Litoria watsoni sp. nov. in life from the Parma Creek Nature Reserve and Budderoo Plateau, NSW. A) ventral view showing colour under legs and in axilla, B) back of thigh, C) plantar view of foot, D) palmar view of hand.