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FIGURE 5 in Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species

FIGURE 5. Perameles papillon sp. nov., study skins. A–C, holotype WAM M571; D–F, paratype WAM M574; G–I, paratype WAM M572. A, D, and G, dorsal view; B, E, and H, lateral view; C, F, and I, ventral view. Scale = 5cm.

FIGURE 1 in Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species

FIGURE 1. Peramelemorphian phylogeny inferred from (A) morphology, with the maximum parsimony (MP) tree shown and Bayesian inference (BI) differences indicated in dashed arrows (including C. ecaudatus falling within Perameles), from (B) DNA, with the BI tree shown and MP differences indicated as dashed arrows (including Perameles being paraphyletic relative to Isoodon), and from combined data (C) MP, (D) BI, and (E) BI also informed by temporal signal and with posterior probabilities indicated for nodes. Oligo-Miocene bandicoot names are shaded grey, and could not be included in the DNA-only tree (B), which instead shows the Peroryctinae-Echymierinae expanded to genera. Outgroup (Dasyuromorphia and Didelphis) not shown.

FIGURE 8 in Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species

FIGURE 8. Distribution of species in the Perameles bougainville complex, based on museum specimens (modern and some fossils). Circles, Perameles bougainville; squares, Perameles eremiana; crescents, Perameles myosuros; ovals, Perameles notina; star, Perameles fasciata; triangles, Perameles papillon sp. nov.

FIGURE 4. X-Y in Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species

FIGURE 4. X-Y graphs of the tooth length versus tooth width, for the upper (A–G) and lower (H–N) premolars and molars, for Peroryctes raffrayana (squares), Peroryctes broadbenti (crosses), and Lemdubuoryctes aruensis (star).

FIGURE 7 in Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species

FIGURE 7. Perameles papillon sp. nov., upper and lower dentition of paratype WAM M577. A–B, upper premolas; C–D, upper molars; E–F, lower premolars; G–H, lower molars. A, C, E and G, occlusal view; B, D, F and H, lateral view. Scale = 2mm.

FIGURE 6 in Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species

FIGURE 6. Perameles papillon sp. nov., skulls. A–C and G–H, holotype WAM M571; D–F and I–J, paratype WAM M577. A, D, G, I, dorsal view; B, E, ventral view; C, F, H, J, lateral view. Scale = 2cm.

FIGURE 3 in Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species

FIGURE 3. Results of the morphometric analysis of the Perameles bougainville complex. A, Principal Component Analysis of cranial data; B, Canonical Variate Analysis of cranial data; C, Principal Component Analysis of dental data; D, Canonical Variate Analysis of dental data. Upright rectangles, Perameles bougainville; crosses, Perameles eremiana; diamonds, Perameles myosuros; circle, Perameles arenaria; stars, Perameles notina; triangles, Perameles fasciata; laying rectangles, Perameles papillon sp. nov.

FIGURE 2 in Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species

FIGURE 2. Total evidence Bayesian inference timescale of peramelemorphian evolution. Node and tip calibrations are employed under a fossilized birth-death model, with molecular and morphological relaxed clock models unlinked. Blue bars show 95% highest posterior density intervals for node ages. The outgroup includes Didelphis and eight dasyuromorphians.

FIGURE 19 in Hidden in plain sight: reassessment of the pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with a description of a new species from central australia, and use of the fossil record to trace its past distribution

FIGURE 19. Unconstraint Bayesian analysis of Chaeropus using the morphological data, with posterior probabilities.

FIGURE 14 in Hidden in plain sight: reassessment of the pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with a description of a new species from central australia, and use of the fossil record to trace its past distribution

FIGURE 14. Bivariate plots of tooth length versus tooth width, for the upper a)–g) and lower h)–o) premolars and molars for modern and fossil Chaeropus ecaudatus ecaudatus (squares), C. e. occidentalis (diamonds) and C. yirratji sp. nov. (crosses).

FIGURE 11 in Hidden in plain sight: reassessment of the pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with a description of a new species from central australia, and use of the fossil record to trace its past distribution

FIGURE 11. Skulls and dentaries of Chaeropus yirratji sp. nov. skulls. a)–e), NMV C468, holotype, adult male; f)–j), SAMA M1618, paratype, adult male. a), f), d), i), dorsal/occlusal view; c), h), e), j), lateral/buccal view; b), g), ventral view. Scale = 2 cm.

FIGURE 10 in Hidden in plain sight: reassessment of the pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with a description of a new species from central australia, and use of the fossil record to trace its past distribution

FIGURE 10. Pouch young of Chaeropus yirratji sp. nov. a), SAMA M3997, three pouch young, two still attached to the teats; b)–d), NMV C5859, female pouch young. a), c), lateral view; b), dorsal view; d), ventral view. Scale = 2cm.

FIGURE 8 in Hidden in plain sight: reassessment of the pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with a description of a new species from central australia, and use of the fossil record to trace its past distribution

FIGURE 8. Skins of Chaeropus yirratji sp. nov. a)–b), NMV C468, holotype, adult male; c)–d), SAMA M1618, paratype, adult male; e), SAMA M2425, paratype, adult female; f), MNHN ZM MO-1853-824, paratype, adult, sex unknown. a), c), e), f), lateral view; b), d), dorsal view. Scale = 7 cm.

FIGURE 6 in Hidden in plain sight: reassessment of the pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with a description of a new species from central australia, and use of the fossil record to trace its past distribution

FIGURE 6. Skulls and dentary of Chaeropus ecaudatus occidentalis. a)–f), NHMUK ZD 1844.7.9.22, holotype, adult female; g)–i), QM JM 770, adult subfossil; j), WAM 71.3.141, adult subfossil; k), WAM 71.5.1, adult subfossil. a), g), f), dorsal/ occlusal view; b), h), e), lateral/buccal view; c), i), j), k), ventral view; d), lingual view. Scale = 2 cm.

FIGURE 18 in Hidden in plain sight: reassessment of the pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with a description of a new species from central australia, and use of the fossil record to trace its past distribution

FIGURE 18. Constraint Maximum Parsimony analysis of Chaeropus using the morphological data, with bootstrap values.

FIGURE 5 in Hidden in plain sight: reassessment of the pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with a description of a new species from central australia, and use of the fossil record to trace its past distribution

FIGURE 5. Skin of Chaeropus ecaudatus occidentalis. a)–c), NHMUK ZD 1844.7.9.22, holotype, adult female. a), dorsal view; b), lateral view; c), ventral view. Scale = 7 cm.

FIGURE 4 in Hidden in plain sight: reassessment of the pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with a description of a new species from central australia, and use of the fossil record to trace its past distribution

FIGURE 4. Upper and lower dentition of Chaeropus ecaudatus ecaudatus. a), c), AM PA422, holotype, juvenile female; b), c), NMV C2900, adult, sex unknown. a)–b), upper dentition in occlusal view; c)–d), lower dentition in occlusal view. Scale = 2mm. Abbreviations: co, cristid obliqua; end, entoconid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; mcl, metaconule; me, metacone; mecd, metacristid; med, metaconid; met, metastyle; mf, maxillary fenestra; pacd, paracristid; pad, paraconid; pc, paracone; phd, posthypocristid; pr, protocone; prd, protoconid; StA–D; stylar cusp A–D.

FIGURE 12 in Hidden in plain sight: reassessment of the pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with a description of a new species from central australia, and use of the fossil record to trace its past distribution

FIGURE 12. Upper and lower dentition of Chaeropus yirratji sp. nov. a), c), SAMA M1618, paratype, adult male; b), d), SAMA M3971, juvenile female. a)–b), upper dentition in occlusal view; c)–d), lower dentition in occlusal view. Scale = 2mm.