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FIG. 10 in The Palaeotheriidae (Equoidea, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene fauna of Aumelas (Hérault department, France)

FIG. 10. — Pachynolophus sp. from Aumelas: A, AUM 199, right maxillary fragment with P3/-M3/; A1, labial view; A2, occlusal view; B, AUM 1586, right maxillary fragment with (alv. P1/)-P2/-(M2/); B1, labial view; B2, occlusal view; C, AUM 213, left M3/ (reversed), occlusal view; D, AUM 1596, left fragment with P3/-P4/ (reversed), occlusal view; E, AUM 332, right DP/4, occlusal view; F, AUM 1600, right mandible with M/2-M/3 (pars); F1, occlusal view; F2, labial view; G, AUM 323, symphysis with both /C and sockets of incisors, dorsal view; H, AUM 1599 left mandible fragment with (P/3)-(M/3) (reversed); H1, occlusal view; H2, labial view; I, AUM 1620, left mandible with DP/2-M/2-(M/3), occlusal view; J, AUM 1617, mandible with right /C-(alv. DP/1)-DP/2-M/3, sockets of incisors and left /C); J1, occlusal view; J2, labial view. Scale bars: 2 cm.

FIG. 7 in The Palaeotheriidae (Equoidea, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene fauna of Aumelas (Hérault department, France)

FIG. 7. — Propalaeotherium cf. gaudryi (Lemoine, 1878) from Aumelas: A, AUM 1584, left maxillary with (P1/ roots)-P2/-M3/, occlusal view (reversed); B, AUM 1583, maxillary with left P2/-M3/ and right P1/-M2/, occlusal view (reversed); C, AUM 168, right maxillary with (alv. C/)-(alv. P1/)-P2/-M3/; C1, labial view, C2, occlusal view; D, AUM 192, right P4/, occlusal view; E, AUM 209, right maxillary with M1/-M3/, occlusal view; F, AUM 206, right mandible with (alv. P/1-P/2)-P/3-M/3; F1, occlusal view; F2, labial view; G, AUM 1603, right mandible with (P/3)-P/4-M/3; G1, occlusal view; G2, labial view; H, AUM 1601, right mandible with (P/4)- M/1-M/3, occlusal view. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 5 in The Palaeotheriidae (Equoidea, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene fauna of Aumelas (Hérault department, France)

FIG. 5. — Propalaeotherium sudrei Remy, Krasovec & Marandat, 2016:A, AUM 205, right mandible with M/3; A1, occlusal view; A2, labial view;B, AUM 179, left mandible with P/4-M/3 (reversed);B1, occlusal view; B2, labial view;C, AUM 166, right mandible with P/3-M/1-(M/2); C1, occlusal view; C2, labial view; D, AUM 182, left mandibular fragment with (D/3)-D/4-M/1, (reversed), occlusal view; E, AUM 208, left mandible with (alv.P/2-P/3)-P/4-M/1-(M/2)-M/3 (reversed), occlusal view. Scale bars: 2 cm. (Note that the mandible AUM 206 [Remy et al. 2016: fig.3E-F] is now recorded as Propalaeotherium cf. gaudryi (Lemoine, 1878)).

FIG. 12 in The Palaeotheriidae (Equoidea, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene fauna of Aumelas (Hérault department, France)

FIG. 12. — Strict consensus of the two trees of the cladistic analysis. "Hyracotheres" are included in the Palaeotheriidae according to Remy, 2017. The taxa recognized at Aumelas are mentioned in red.

FIG. 11 in The Palaeotheriidae (Equoidea, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene fauna of Aumelas (Hérault department, France)

FIG. 11. — Lophiotherium sp. from Aumelas: A, AUM 1633, right M3/; A1, occlusal view; A2, labial view; B, AUM 1547, left M2 (reversed), occlusal view; C, AUM 1626, left M2/ (reversed), occlusal view; D, AUM 234, right M1/, occlusal view (cast); E, AUM 232, left M1/ (reversed), occlusal view (cast); F, AUM 172, left M1/ (reversed), occlusal view; G, AUM 1550, right M/2, occlusal view (cast); H, AUM 1622, left M/1 (reversed), occlusal view; I, AUM 1624, right M/1, occlusal view; J, AUM 1551, right P/3, occlusal view (cast); K, AUM 1548, left mandible with (P/4)-M/1-M/3 (reversed); K1, occlusal view; K2, labial view; L, AUM 170, left mandible fragment with (alv. DP/1)-DP/2-DP/4 (reversed); L1, occlusal view; L2, labial view. Scale bars: 2 cm.

Fig. 29. A in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 29. A, chronogram of species of Cormohipparion showing window for time of origin of H. primigenium-like morphology between the biochrons of C. merriami and C. fricki, the exit of H. primigenium-like morphology at ca. 11.3 Ma, and the age of Cormohipparion sp. from California (illustrated below), thought to be close to the species population that dispersed to the Old World. The?Dispersal barrier? refers to the high sea-level that lowered at about 11.3 MA (Ta3 of Haq et al., 1988; modified by Hardenbol et al., 1998). B, upper cheek tooth dentition of Hippotherium primigenium from Höwenegg, Germany, HLMD 1081. After Sondaar (1961), fig. 21A.

Fig. 16. Cormohipparion johnsoni, F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 16. Cormohipparion johnsoni, F:AM 71891, Burge Quarry, Burge Member, Valentine Formation, late Barstovian, Nebraska. A, left lateral view of cranium. B, occlusal view of right upper cheek tooth dentition.

Fig. 11 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 11. Cormohipparion cf. occidentale. F:AM 71872,?Thin Elk Formation, South Dakota, early Clarendonian. A, lateral view of cranium showing tall-crowned upper cheek teeth. B, occlusal view of left upper cheek teeth.

Fig. 13 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 13. Cormohipparion occidentale. Log-ratio diagrams of cranial dimensions of samples from XMas- Kat, Machaerodus, and Hans Johnson quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Nebraska.

Fig. 19. Cormohipparion merriami, AMNH 141219 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 19. Cormohipparion merriami, AMNH 141219, Burge Quarry, Valentine Formation, Nebraska, late Barstovian. A, left lateral view of cranium. B, occlusal view of upper cheek tooth dentition, drawn by E. L. F.

Fig. 15 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 15. Log-ratio diagram of cranial dimensions of Cormohipparion matthewi compared with C. occidentale, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska.

Fig. 25. Hippotherium and Cormohipparion. A–D in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 25. Hippotherium and Cormohipparion. A–D, Hippotherium sp., Pannonian C?, Mariathal, Austria. E, Hippotherium sp., Pannonian C, Gaiselberg, Austria. F–G, Cormohipparion sp., Punchbowl Formation, LACM 7502, medial Clarendonian, California. A, PIUW 3504/3, LP2, reversed. B, PIUW 3540/97, LP3, reversed. C, PIUW 3540/54, LP4, reversed. D, PIUW 3540/136, RM1. E, NHMW 0024/26, RM2. F, partial palate with right and left P2–M2, occlusal view. Preservation of the specimen apparently masks the complexity of the plis caballin in P4–M2. G, right lateral view of partial palate, showing remnant of posteroventral border of DPOF and the IOF located above the anterior root of P3.

Fig. 7 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 7. Correlation of rock and faunal units of the Valentine and Ash Hollow formations, Nebraska and South Dakota, modified after Skinner and Johnson (1984: fig. 3).

Fig. 6 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 6. Diagram of measurements and terminology. A, measurements of mandible. B, symphysis of mandible. C and D, dental terminology. C, upper cheek teeth. D, lower cheek teeth. A and B after Eisenmann et al. (1988). C and D after MacFadden (1984).

Fig. 5 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 5. Diagram showing location of cranial measurements and features cited in Table 2. A, lateral view. B, close up of facial region, lateral view. A and B after Eisenmann et al. (1988). C, lateral view of Merychippus insignis, F:AM 87001, Echo Quarry (early Barstovian), Nebraska. NMF 5 nasomaxillary fossa. LAF 5 lacrimal fossa. R 5 ridge that separates the NMF from the LAF. IOF 5 infraorbital foramen. After Woodburne (2003: fig. 16.7). D, malar fossa developed below the DPOF but not bounded by definite posterior and ventral rims. E, malar fossa developed below the DPOF, bounded by definite posterior and ventral rims. D and E, Acritohippus isonesus (Kelly, 1995), after Osborn (1918: plate 10, figs. 3, 4; Merychippus isonesus).

Fig. 4 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 4. Diagram showing location of cranial measurements and cheek tooth measurement methodology. A, dorsal view. B, posterior view. A and B after Eisenmann et al. (1988). C, measurement of length and width of upper cheek teeth and length and width of protocone. D, measurement of MSTHT from base to tip of mesostyle at labial surface of cheek tooth.

Fig. 28 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 28. Log-ratio diagram of cranial dimension of C. johnsoni in comparison with C. quinni. Data for C. quinni from Woodburne (1996b).

Fig. 8. Cormohipparion fricki, referred. F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 8. Cormohipparion fricki, referred. F:AM 71880, Hollow Horn Bear Quarry, Ash Hollow Formation, Little White River, South Dakota; early Clarendonian. A, lateral view of facial region of cranium. B, occlusal view of cheek tooth dentition, LP2–M3.

Fig. 12. Neohipparion affine. A–B, AMNH 141218 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 12. Neohipparion affine. A–B, AMNH 141218, Hollow Horn Bear Quarry, Ash Hollow Formation, South Dakota, early Clarendonian. A, lateral view of cranium, reversed. B, occlusal view of cheek tooth dentition. C–E, F:AM 111728, MacAdams Quarry, Clarendon Beds, Texas; early Clarendonian. C, lateral view of cranium, reconstructed from both sides, slightly crushed dorsoventrally. D, occlusal view of cheek tooth dentition, with dP1. E, occlusal view of lower cheek teeth. F, lateral view of left mandible. A and B drawn by Ellen L.Forsyth. C–E after MacFadden (1984: figs. 66, 69).

Fig. 10. Cormohipparion occidentale, referred. A, F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 10. Cormohipparion occidentale, referred. A, F:AM 71800, XMas-Kat Quarry, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska, lateral view of cranium. After MacFadden (1984: fig. 131). See figure 7C for upper cheek tooth dentition. B–E, F:AM 71801. B, lateral view of cranium, after MacFadden (1984: fig. 132). C–E, cross-section and occlusal pattern of left upper cheek tooth dentition. C, near base of tooth. D, approximate middle of tooth. E, occlusal surface of tooth. After MacFadden (1984: fig. 18).