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Fig. 15. A in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 15. A. Wings of Chinoperla nigroflavata (Wu, 1948), drawing modified from Wu (1948). B. Median sclerite of tergum 9 of C. biprojecta Lü, Yan, Li & Wang, 2019, dorsal view, illustration from Lü et al. (2019a). C. Aedeagus of C. mengmanensis Qian & Du, 2012, lateral view, drawing modified from Qian & Du (2012). Not to scale.

Fig. 14 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 14. Chinoperla gorohovi Sivec & Stark, 2010, eggs. A. Entire egg, lateral view. B. Entire egg, lateral view. C. Collar and anchor, lateral view. D. Anchor, lateral view. E. Lid end, lateral view. F. Micropyles (indicated by arrows). Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Fig. 13 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 13. Chinoperla gorohovi Sivec & Stark, 2010, ♀ (CAU). A. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. B. Terminalia, ventral view. C. Terminalia, lateral view. D. Eggs. E. Entire egg, lateral view. F. Entire egg, oblique lateral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A–C = 0.5 mm; D–F = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 12 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 12. Chinoperla gorohovi Sivec & Stark, 2010, ♂ (CAU). A. Aedeagus, lateral view. B. Aedeagus, dorsal view. C. Aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 8 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 8. Chinoperla nigrifrons (Banks, 1939). A–B. ♂, holotype of C. furcomacula (Wu, 1973) (IZCAS). A. Cleared terminalia, dorsal view. B. Cleared terminalia, lateral view. — C. ♂ from Mount Yinggeling (HIST), forewing. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 7. Chinoperla nigrifrons (Banks, 1939), ♂, holotype (MCZ Type 22693). A. Aedeagus, dorsal view. B. Aedeagus, lateral view. C. Aedeagal sac, ventral view. D. Apex of aedeagal sac, oblique ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 9 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 9. Chinoperla nigrifrons (Banks, 1939), ♂ from Mount Yinggeling (HIST). A. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. B. Terminalia, dorsal view. C. Cleared terminalia, dorsal view. D. Cleared terminalia, lateral view. E. Cleared terminalia, oblique lateral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 5. Chinoperla changjiangensis sp. nov., eggs. A. Entire egg, lateral view. B. Entire egg, lateral view. C. Lid end, lateral view. D. Lid end, apical view. E. Collar end, lateral view. F. Micropyles (indicated by arrows). Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Fig. 6 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 6. Chinoperla nigrifrons (Banks, 1939), ♂, holotype (MCZ Type 22693). A. Adult habitus, dorsal view. B. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. C. Terminalia, dorsal view. D. Cleared terminalia, dorsal view. E. Cleared terminalia, lateral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; B–E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 4. Chinoperla changjiangensis sp. nov., ♀, paratype (CAU) A. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. B. Terminalia, ventral view. C. Eggs, lateral view. D. Entire egg, lateral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm; C–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 1 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 1. Chinoperla changjiangensis sp. nov., ♂, paratype (HIST). A. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. B. Terminalia, dorsal view. C. Cleared terminalia, dorsal view. D. Cleared terminalia, lateral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Review of the genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) from China

Fig. 3. Chinoperla changjiangensis sp. nov., ♂, paratype of C. nigrifrons (Banks, 1939) (MCZ). A. Adult habitus, dorsal view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Pronotum, dorsal view. D. Cleared terminalia, dorsal view. E. Cleared terminalia, lateral view. F. Aedeagus, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; B–F = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 496 in Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 496. Partial (clades G, H) codon-model maximum likelihood phylogram based on 356 mitochondrial genome and COX1 DNA barcode sequences (all-NT). See Fig. 493 for common details.

FIGURE 491 in Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 491. Codon-model maximum likelihood phylogram based on 83 largely complete mitochondrial genome sequences only (mt-NT). Statistical support values (SH-aLRT, UFBoot) from this and other analyses summarised by squares as explained in the figure. Terminal labels include information on the species, type status, gender, originating country, unique sequence identifier (NEOP###), sequencing approach and total basepairs of 13 mitochondrial, protein-coding genes. Clades of particular interest highlighted with colours that correspond to the clades in other trees. HT = holotype; PT = paratype; PCR = Polymerase Chaine Reaction; WGS = Whole Genome Shotgun.

FIGURE 492 in Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 492. Simplified overview of codon-model maximum likelihood phylogram based on 356 mitochondrial genome and COX1 DNA barcode sequences (all-NT). Terminal labels include information on the species only. Clades of particular interest highlighted with colours that correspond to the clades in other trees. The full tree is shown in Figs 493-498.

FIGURES 477–485. Male Neoperla leroiana and N in Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURES 477–485. Male Neoperla leroiana and N. dundoana: N. leroiana Klapálek: 477, 478, abdominal tip of lectotype in dorsal and lateral views (modified from Klapálek 1911); 479, 480, the same of a Ghanaan specimen (modified from Zwick 1973a); 481, tip of T8-process of another Ghanaan specimen; 482, penis with largely everted endophallus, ♂ from Togo, Tététou; 483, intentionally broken penis of another ♂ from Tététou showing details of endophallus, with enlarged detail; 484, endophallus base of ♂ from Ghana, R. Menu (NEOP277). 485, N. dundoana, endophallus base of ♂ from Dundo (NEOP267).

FIGURE 495 in Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 495. Partial (clade E) codon-model maximum likelihood phylogram based on 356 mitochondrial genome and COX1 DNA barcode sequences (all-NT). See Fig. 493 for common details.

FIGURES 450–457. Neoperla sjostedti needhami Lestage and N in Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURES 450–457. Neoperla sjostedti needhami Lestage and N. sp. aff. sjostedti. N. s. needhami: 450, 451, abdominal tip and contracted penis of the N. needhami lectotype; 452, ♂ from Pampana, Sierra Leone; 453, ♂ from Tukuyu, Tansania; 454, ♂ from Illubabaor, Ethiopia. Scales are 0.5mm, except for the details in 451; asterisks identify the caecum of penis. 455, 456, ♀ genital situs and an egg, Ethiopia, NW of Chora. N. sp. aff. N. sjostedti (by DNA) from Mentchum River, Cameroon: 457, ♀ genital situs. Scale is 100µm. Scales are 100µm; n, nail; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 486–489 in Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURES 486–489. Neoperla sp. Afr_A: male abdominal tip of the only specimen, in dorsal view when still untreated (486) and in lateral view (487), after clearing which made the processes on T7 and T8 spread and diverge; blue lines connect identical structures in the 2 views. 488, the burst penis with the partly everted endophallus; 489, the same, enlarged. Scales are 100µm, terhites, hemitergite 10, cercus and epiproct are labeled. FIGURE 490. Egg of Neoperla sp. Afr_B (from Kalonge); the scale is 100µm long.

FIGURES 422–428. Neoperla crenulata n in Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURES 422–428. Neoperla crenulata n. sp. Presumed male: 422, abdominal tip; 423, penis; 424, everted endophallus, with enlarged detail. ♀ holotype: 425, genital situs; 426, egg; 427, detail of chorion structure, direct view of surface; 428, same, oblique view of profile. Scales are 100µm in 423–426, 50µm in 427 and 428. Tergites, hemitergite10 and epiproct are labeled. c, collar; n, nail; sa, spermatheca; sc, small cone opposite knee-like bend of penis; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.