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28 results for “Petrarca”
Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
<p><em><span>Petrarca</span></em><span> is an ascothoracidan endoparasite in scleratinian dendrophyllid corals</span><span>. <em>Petrarca</em> can stimulate coral growth, forming a gall chamber to house itself inside the coral skeleton. The diversity, molecular phylogeny and feeding ecology of <em>Petrarca</em> are understudied. This is the first study of Petrarca to be based on light and scanning electron microscopy to document the fine-scale external and functional morphology of its trophi and other structures. A combined molecular and morphological approach revealed at least four closely related species of <em>Petrarca</em>, <em>P. goanna</em>, <em>P. morula</em>, <em>Petrarca nozawai </em>sp. nov. and <em>Petrarca rubus</em> sp. nov in <em>Turbinaria</em> and <em>Astreopora</em> corals in Asia. Carapace shape and fine morphology, ultrastructure of the antennular aesthetasc, morphological characteristics of the trophi and the shape and size of the penis rami are diagnostic characters. Several morphological characters, </span><span>which are all probably synapomorphies, have been proposed to distinguish the genus <em>Petrarca</em> from other Ascothoracida. M</span><span>outhparts morphology of </span><span><em>Petrarca</em> </span><span>are developed for cutting and chewing, rather than for piercing and sucking as in many other Ascothoracida. </span><span>The external surface of the carapace of<em> Petrarca</em> is ornamented with densely packed secretory papillae used putatively for the chemical dissolution of the substrate necessary for the formation of the gall chamber.</span></p>
Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
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Figure 26 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 26. COI gene tree by maximum likelihood (ML) and species delimitation of Petrarca. Bootstrap support for neighbour-joining (NJ) and ML and posterior probability for Bayesian inference (BI) are presented at the main nodes. Results of species delimitation were presented by vertical bars, and the numbers in the black boxes were as follows: 1–3, results of ASAP with three highest ASAP-score; 4, 5, results of PTP method with maximum likelihood and the highest Bayesian supported solution; 6, result of GMYC.
Figure 25 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 25. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratype, thoracopods and penis, SEM. A, thoracopod 1. B, ctenoid scales on thoracopod 3. C, rudimentary abdomen, ventral side. D, distal end of penis. Abbreviations: pe, penis (base); rab, rudimentary abdomen; thp1, thoracopod 1. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 21 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 21. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., holotype, thoracopods, penis and abdomen. A, rudimentary setiform thoracopod 1. B, left thoracopods 2–6 (numbered) with groups of seminal receptacles. C, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. D, distal part of penis. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 24 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 24. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratype, mouthparts, SEM. A, labrum, lateroventral view. B, C, distal part and cutting edge of mandible respectively (tiny setae on cutting edge indicated by arrowheads). D, dense thin setae on proximal half of outer margin of mandible. E, maxillule. F, G, middle and lower parts of cutting edge of maxillule. H, basal 'pore-field' of maxillule. I, maxillules and maxillae. J, thickened and wrinkled cuticle on distal surface of maxilla. K, ctenoid scale on lateral surface of maxilla. Abbreviations: mx1, maxillules; mx2, maxillae. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 22 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 22. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratypes, general view and mantle (carapace) structures, SEM. A, general view, lateral view, left side. B, external surface of mantle, central part, papillae coloured in magenta. C, external surface of mantle with papillae, ventral side. D, tip of papilla with central micropore. E, habitus with left valve removed (first abdominal segment numbered). F, surface of internal cuticle of mantle with two tiny pores. Abbreviations: oc, oral cone; pe, penis; thp2–6, thoracopods. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 19 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 19. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., general view, light microscopy (A, B, holotype; C, D, paratypes). A, B, lateral view, right and left sides, respectively. C, adult specimen, right side. D, young specimen, left side. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 20 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 20. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., holotype, antennules and mouthparts. A, left antennule, segments numbered. B, C, terminal (fifth) segments of left and right antennules, respectively. D, rudimentary seta on fourth antennular segment. E, labrum with mouth structures, lateral view. F, mandible. G, cutting edge of mandible. H, maxillule. I, distal ends of maxillae. Abbreviations: ae, aesthetasc; cl, claw; clg, claw guard; ml, medial languette; mo, mouth opening; oe, oesophagus. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 23 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 23. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratype, antennules, SEM. A, left antennule, segments numbered. B, rudimentary seta on fourth antennular segment. C, tiny pores (circled) on lateral surface of terminal (fifth) antennular segment. D, double pores on lateral surface of terminal (fifth) antennular segment. E, rudimentary setae (indicated by arrowheads) at base of claw, fifth antennular segment. F, aesthetasc on claw guard (rudimentary seta at base of aesthetasc indicated by arrowhead). G, rudimentary subterminal seta (indicated by arrowhead) of aesthetasc of claw guard. H, rudimentary terminal setae of claw guard (indicated by arrowheads). I, wrinkled cuticle with tiny pores on postaxial (ventral) margin of fifth antennular segment. Abbreviations: ae, aesthetasc; cl, claw; clg, claw guard. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 14 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 14. Petrarca nozaaeai sp. nov., holotype, general view, light microscopy (C–F after treatment with KOH solution). A, B, lateral view, right and left sides, respectively. C–E, lateral, dorsal and ventral views, respectively, ventral papillae from (C) enlarged in oval outline, body proper observed between carapace valves in (E). F, body proper position between carapace valves, lateral view, right valve removed, first abdominal segment numbered. Abbreviations: a1, antennules; oc, oral cone; pa, papillae; pe, penis; rab, rudimentary abdomen; thp, thoracopods. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 16 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 16. Petrarca nozaaeai sp. nov., holotype, thoracopods, penis and abdomen. A, rudimentary setiform thoracopod 1. B, right thoracopods 2–6 (numbered) with groups of seminal receptacles. C, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. D, distal part of penis. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 18 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 18. Petrarca nozaaeai sp. nov., paratype, oral cone, thoracopods, abdomen and penis, SEM. A, oral cone, ventral view. B, ctenoid scales on labrum and maxilla enlarged from (A). C, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. D, thoracopods 3 and 4 (numbered). E, distal part of penis. Abbreviations: lb, labrum; mo, mouth opening; mx2, maxillae. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 17 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 17. Petrarca nozaaeai sp. nov., paratype, general view and mantle (carapace) structures, SEM. A, left carapace valve, lateral view, external side (anterior end on the left partially destroyed after body proper was removed). B, external surface of mantle with papillae (coloured in magenta), dorsoposterior view. C, papilla on dorsoposterior surface enlarged from (B). D, conspicuous external papillae, anterioventral side. E, external papillae, ventral side. F, tip of external papilla with central micropore (indicated by arrowhead). G, right carapace valve, lateral view, internal side (anterior end on the left partially destroyed after body proper was removed). H, body proper removed from carapace valves (thoracopods numbered in Arabic, first abdominal segment numbered in Roman). Abbreviations: a1, antennule; ad, adductor muscle; oc, oral cone; pe, penis; rab, rudimentary abdomen; thp, thoracopods. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 12 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 12. Petrarca morula, body proper, antennules and oral cone, SEM. A, body proper, lateral view, right side. B, right antennule, segments numbered, lateral view. C, rudimentary seta on fourth antennular segment. D, micropores (encircled) on lateral side in proximal half of fifth antennular segment. E, micropore of fifth antennular segment enlarged from (D). F, distal part of fifth antennular segment with claw and claw guard, reduced setae indicated by arrowheads. G, wrinkled
Figure 13 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 13. Petrarca morula, rudimentary thoracopods, abdomen and penis, SEM. A, thoracopod 2. B, ctenoid scales on thoracopod 2 enlarged from (A). C, distal part of penis. D, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. E, F, tiny pores and ctenoid scales on abdominal segment 3, respectively. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 15 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 15. Petrarca nozaaeai sp. nov., holotype, antennules and mouth parts. A, right antennule, segments numbered. B, rudimentary seta on fourth antennular segment. C, D, terminal (fifth) segments of right and left antennules, respectively. E, mandible. F, G, maxillules. H, maxillae. Abbreviations: ae, aesthetasc; cl, claw; clg, claw guard. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 11 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 11. Petrarca morula, general view and mantle (carapace) structures, SEM. A, habitus, lateral view, right side. B, external surface of mantle, central part (papillae coloured in magenta, micropores between bumps coloured in green). C, micropore enlarged from (B). D, external surface of mantle with conspicuous papillae, ventral side. E, tip of papilla with micropore (indicated by arrowhead). F, left valve of carapace, lateral view of internal surface. G, I, ctenoid scales in anteriodorsal and central parts of internal side of carapace respectively. H, cuticle in posterior part of internal side of carapace. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 10 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 10. Petrarca morula, thoracopods, penis and abdomen. A, rudimentary setiform thoracopod 1. B, left thoracopods 2–6 (numbered) with groups of seminal receptacles. C, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. D, distal part of penis. Abbreviations: sr, seminal receptacles. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 9 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)
Figure 9. Petrarca morula, antennules and mouthparts. A, right antennule, segments numbered. B, C, terminal (fifth) segments of right and left antennules respectively, lateral view. D, labrum, lateral view. E, mandible. F, maxillule. G, cutting edge of maxillule. H, maxillae. Abbreviations: ae, aesthetasc; cl, claw; clg, claw guard; ml, medial languette; mo, mouth opening; oe, oesophagus. Scale bars in µm.
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