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19 results for “Phalloceros”
Fig. 2 in Microhabitat use by Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) from a coastal stream from Southeast Brazil
Fig. 2. Microhabitat underwater observation. In detail substratum measurements (Photo: Rosana Mazzoni).
Fig. 4 in Microhabitat use by Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) from a coastal stream from Southeast Brazil
Fig. 4. Availablity (light grey bars), use (dark grey bars) and Ivlev Index (black circles) for the six studied microhabitat descriptors affecting adult individuals of Phalloceros harpagos populations from Mato Grosso stream: (a) distance from the nearest bank; (b) total depth; (c) mesohabitat; (d) focal water velocity; (e) substratum, and (f) vegetal cover density.
Fig. 3 in Microhabitat use by Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) from a coastal stream from Southeast Brazil
Fig. 3. Availablity (light grey bars), use (dark grey bars) and Ivlev Index (black circles) for the six studied microhabitat descriptors affecting juvenile individuals of Phalloceros harpagos populations from Mato Grosso stream: (a) distance from the nearest bank; (b) total depth; (c) mesohabitat; (d) focal water velocity; (e) substratum, and (f) vegetal cover density.
Fig. 2 in Feeding ecology of Phalloceros anisophallos (Osteichthyes: Cyprinodontiformes) from Andorinha Stream, Ilha Grande, Brazil
Fig. 2. Comparison of alimentary index (IA i) of each food category consumed by Phalloceros anisophallos from córrego Andorinha (Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro) during the rainy (white bars) and dry (grey bars) seasons. Alg = autochthonous algae, AutoAn = autochthonous animal, AlloAn = allochthonous animal and Detr = detritus.
Fig. 1 in Feeding ecology of Phalloceros anisophallos (Osteichthyes: Cyprinodontiformes) from Andorinha Stream, Ilha Grande, Brazil
Fig. 1. Comparison between juvenile (white) and adult (grey) alimentary index (IA i) of each food category consumed by Phalloceros anisophallos from córrego Andorinha (Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro).
Fig. 33. Phalloceros n in Systematics of the subfamily Poeciliinae Bonaparte (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae), with an emphasis on the tribe Cnesterodontini Hubbs
Fig. 33. Phalloceros n. sp. U. (a), male, 19.9 mm SL, MCP 30468. (b), female, MCP 30023, 31.5 mm SL.
Fig. 1 in Microhabitat use by Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) from a coastal stream from Southeast Brazil
Fig. 1. Mato Grosso fluvial system with indication of the sample site (grey square).
Figure 3 in Testing palaeodrainage hypotheses in south-eastern Brazil: phylogeography of the sinistral livebearer fish of the genus Phalloceros (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)
Figure 3. Geographic distribution of the sinistral Phalloceros group (= Phalloceros leptokeras) (circles) and its sister-group Phalloceros sp. 'Macaé' (black triangles). White circles correspond to material not associated with DNA sequences. The colours of solid circles correspond to samples associated with DNA sequences (see Figs 5–7). T = type locality according to Lucinda (2008). Grey colours indicate the reconstruction of palaeodrainages exposed with the sea level lowering during the LGM. Palaeodrainege numbers correspond to those established by Thomaz & Knowles (2018).
Figure 2 in Testing palaeodrainage hypotheses in south-eastern Brazil: phylogeography of the sinistral livebearer fish of the genus Phalloceros (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)
Figure 2. Genital morphology of sinistral Phalloceros (= Phalloceros leptokeras). Ventral view of female urogenital papilla (MNRJ 52301, 28.3 mm SL, Pocinhos drainage) and left lateroventral view of male gonopodium tip skeleton, skin removed (MNRJ 24398, Guandu drainage).
Figure 6. Phylogenetic relationships among the 14 in Testing palaeodrainage hypotheses in south-eastern Brazil: phylogeography of the sinistral livebearer fish of the genus Phalloceros (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)
Figure 6. Phylogenetic relationships among the 14 sinistral Phalloceros (= Phalloceros leptokeras) with nucleotide substitutions mapped. Letter codes within circles indicate clade names as listed in the main text. Substitutions are identified according to the concatenated (CS) alignment of genes (COI: 1–656, Cytb: 657–1121, RAG1: 1122–2695), polarized based on Phalloceros sp. 'Macaé' as outgroup. The concatenated sequence alignment has 2695 sites, 29 of which are informative among sinistral Phalloceros. The underlined substitution of Genotype 5 from Japuíba represents a reversal to the ancestral character state of Clade A. This topological relationship was extracted from Figure 5. Palaeodrainage (P) numbers correspond to those proposed by Thomaz & Knowles (2018). According to those authors, the Paraíba do Sul River belonged to palaeodrainage 121 during the LGM, but currently its mouth is related to palaeodrainage 120.
Figure 5 in Testing palaeodrainage hypotheses in south-eastern Brazil: phylogeography of the sinistral livebearer fish of the genus Phalloceros (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)
Figure 5. Phylogenetic relationships showing two main clades (A, B) within the sinistral Phalloceros group (= Phalloceros leptokeras) according to Bayesian inference (BI) based on concatenated sequences (CS) from the mitochondrial COI and Cytb regions and the nuclear RAG1 gene. Values at nodes represent posterior probabilities. Samples from Parati-Mirim, Paquequer and Macacu are topotypes of Phalloceros aspilos, P. leptokeras and P. tupinamba, respectively. Vertical black bars show the results of species delimitation analyses (see details in Supporting Information, Files S2–S6). Vertical red bar shows our taxonomic decision. Frequencies in the size of the lateral spot are indicated above the drawings and the number of individuals examined (N) are below (see details in Supporting Information, Table S3).
Figure 1 in Do mismatched genitalia promote mechanical isolation in syntopic species of Phalloceros fishes (Poeciliidae)?
Figure 1. Interspecific differences in genitalia of mature individuals of Phalloceros anisophallos and Phalloceros leptokeras. A, B, ventral views of female urogenital papillae of P. anisophallos (A) and P. leptokeras (B). Notice that the papilla is turned to the right from the perspective of the fish and points somewhat distally towards the tail in P. anisophallos, and is turned to the left and points somewhat laterally in P. leptokeras. C, D, lateral view of the distal portion of the gonopodia with the skin removed of P. anisophallos (C) and P. leptokeras (D). These schematic drawings simply depict the generalized morphologies of the genitalia for each species and thus do not reflect any single museum specimen.
Figure 3 in Do mismatched genitalia promote mechanical isolation in syntopic species of Phalloceros fishes (Poeciliidae)?
Figure 3. Among-individual variation in the presence/absence of dark lateral spots and the morphology of adult female papillae in Phalloceros anisophallos and Phalloceros leptokeras from the Parati-Mirim River in relationship to molecular barcode information. The barcode sequences for each specimen are listed at the bottom and correspond to mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (MG1) DNA haplotypes. Based on the orientation of genital papillae, these specimens were initially identified as follows: P. anisophallos = MNTI 14559, 14553 and 10679; and P. leptokeras = MNTI 10684 and 10680. Note that morphologically and molecularly based species identifications for individual MNTI 14559 conflicted with each other, probably owing to an apparently aberrant papilla (see main text for more discussion). The size of the specimens corresponds to the standard length (SL), measured with digital callipers from the tip of the snout to the posterior margin of the hypural plate.
Figure 2 in Do mismatched genitalia promote mechanical isolation in syntopic species of Phalloceros fishes (Poeciliidae)?
Figure 2. Bayesian mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nDNA) gene trees, showing the inferred relationships among haplotypes of Phalloceros anisophallos and Phalloceros leptokeras from the Parati-Mirim River and other localities. A, mtDNA tree for the COI sequences. B, nDNA tree for the MG1 sequences. Shaded names refer to samples misidentified based on morphological criteria (see Materials and Methods). Numbers in parentheses represent the number of identical haplotypes. Other species of Phalloceros were included as reference samples, and Cnesterodon decemmaculatus and Poecilia vivipara were used to root the trees. Phalloceros anisophallos and Phalloceros leptokeras are sympatric in the Parati-Mirim and Japuíba rivers. São Roque and Paquequer correspond to the type localities of P. anisophallos and P. leptokeras, respectively (Lucinda 2008). Numbers above each branch are the estimated Bayesian posterior probabilities.
Mode of maternal provisioning in the fish genus Phalloceros: a variation on the theme of matrotrophy
<p>The placenta is a complex organ that shows high morphological diversity. Among fish, the first vertebrates that have evolved a placenta, the family Poeciliidae exhibits very diverse modes of maternal provisioning even among congeneric species. Here, we investigated the embryonic growth curve across seven recently-described species of the highly diverse genus Phalloceros (Eigenmann, 1907). We also investigated possible intraspecific differences and whether other female characteristics affected embryo mass. We found that embryo mass decreased until around stage 20 and then increased, resulting in 1.5 to 3-fold mass gain from fertilization to birth. Embryo mass changed non-linearly with stage of development and was affected by species identity (or locality) and female somatic dry mass. This initial loss then gain of embryonic mass during development is unique among other Poeciliidae species and was conserved across populations and species, even though size at birth can vary. Other species instead either lose mass if they lack placentas or gain mass exponentially if they have placentas. The Phalloceros mode of maternal provisioning could thus represent a different form from that seen in other species of Poeciliidae.</p>
Mode of maternal provisioning in the fish genus Phalloceros: a variation on the theme of matrotrophy
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Figure 7 in Testing palaeodrainage hypotheses in south-eastern Brazil: phylogeography of the sinistral livebearer fish of the genus Phalloceros (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)
Figure 7. Haplotype (Hp) network of sinistral Phalloceros group (= Phalloceros leptokeras). Mutations are identified according to the concatenated alignment of genes (COI: 1–656, Cytb: 657–1121, RAG1: 1122–2695), non-exclusive nucleotide substitutions are underlined. Samples from Parati-Mirim, Paquequer and Macacu are topotypes of Phalloceros aspilos, P. leptokeras and P. tupinamba, respectively.
Figure 1 in Testing palaeodrainage hypotheses in south-eastern Brazil: phylogeography of the sinistral livebearer fish of the genus Phalloceros (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)
Figure 1. Morphological variation within females and males of the sinistral Phalloceros group (= Phalloceros leptokeras). A, Paquequer drainage (MNRJ 43596, ♀ 30.4 mm SL, ♂ 22.5 mm SL). B, Macacu drainage (MNRJ 43600, ♀ 28.1 mm SL, ♂ 17.4 mm SL). C, Saco drainage (MNRJ 51337, ♀ 27.8 mm SL, ♂ 18.1 mm SL). D, Japuíba drainage (MNRJ 4226, ♀ 32.0 mm SL, ♂ 21.2 mm SL). E, Parati-Mirim drainage (MNRJ 43505, ♀ 31.3 mm SL, ♂ 20.9 mm SL).
Figure 4 in Testing palaeodrainage hypotheses in south-eastern Brazil: phylogeography of the sinistral livebearer fish of the genus Phalloceros (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)
Figure 4. Morphological (Lucinda, 2008) and molecular (Thomaz et al., 2019) phylogenetic hypotheses proposed for Phalloceros. Shaded rectangles indicate the lineage of the sinistral Phalloceros (= Phalloceros leptokeras).
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