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103 results for “Phidippus”
Data for: Intraspecific variation in responses to aposematic prey in a jumping spider (Phidippus regius)
<p>Aposematic signals often allow chemically defended prey to avoid attack from generalist predators, including jumping spiders. However, not all individual predators in a population behave in the same way. Here, in laboratory trials, we document that most individual <em>Phidippus regius</em> jumping spiders attack and reject chemically defended milkweed bugs (<em>Oncopeltus fasciatus</em>), immediately releasing them unharmed. However, a small number of individuals within the population kill and completely consume these presumably toxic prey items. This phenomenon was infrequent with only 14% of our sample (17/122) consuming the milkweed bugs over the course of the study. Individuals that killed and consumed bugs often did so repeatedly; specifically, individuals that consumed a bug in their first test were more likely to kill a bug in their second test and also tended to consume them again. We explored what might drive some (but not all) individuals to consume these bugs and found that neither sex, sexual maturity, body size, laboratory housing type, nor being wild‐caught or being laboratory‐reared, predicted milkweed bug consumption. Consuming bugs had no negative effects on spider mass or body condition; contrary to expectations, individuals that consumed milkweed bugs actually gained more body mass and increased in body condition. We discuss potential behavioural and physiological variation between individuals that may drive these rare behaviours and the implications for the evolution of prey defences.</p>
Energy and time optimal trajectories in exploratory jumps of the spider Phidippus regius
<p>Supplementary files S1 from the paper Energy and time optimal trajectories in exploratory jumps of the spider <em>Phidippus regius</em>. CT Scan files - A repository with files from CT scanning, composed of: 1. The volume from the CT scan in VGI/VOL format. 2. A VAXML model of the spider (stl meshes tied together with an XML file). 3. A Drishti Prayog model of the volume</p>
Figure 7. Adult female Phidippus mimicus from western Oaxaca. 1 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 7. Adult female Phidippus mimicus from western Oaxaca. 1, The dorsal color pattern of both males and females of this species may represent mimicry of mutillid wasps (Edwards 2004). 2, Immediately after its bite this female continued to threaten one of the authors (DEH) with exposed chelicerae and venom dripping from the fangs. Between extended chelicerae the light-grey rostrum of this spider is visible (19 MAR 2019).
Figure 19. Feeding Phidippus from southern Greenville County, South Carolina. 1, Penultimate female P in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 19. Feeding Phidippus from southern Greenville County, South Carolina. 1, Penultimate female P. audax with two leafhoppers. This spider held one leafhopper as it jumped and captured the second. 2, Adult female P. audax fedding on a large brachyceran fly. 3, Adult female P. princeps feeding on spider. 4, Adult female P. princeps feeding on a captured bug after wiping it against the surface. Each scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 20 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 20. SEM of chemosensory setae (spondylae) associated with the pretarsus or foot of an adult male Phidippus audax from Iowa City, Iowa. 1-3, Ventral views of the distal end of right leg I at three levels of magnification. 2, A group of spondylae (inset) originates between the anterior and posterior plates of flattened tenent setae. 3, Detail showing the conical tip (arrows) at the end of three spondylae. These are surrounded by flattened tenent setae bearing, ventrally, regular rows of bifid filaments that adhere to a smooth surface. Each spondyla bears an open sensory pore at the apex of the cone.
Figure 4 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 4. Two female Phidippus texanus (sisters) reared from the same brood sac found in Lea County, New Mexico, in August of 1978 (on mesquite 21 miles W of Jal on SR 128). Half of the females in this brood had the typical texanus form with cream to white scales on a black background (1), and the other half had a similar dorsal pattern with the coloration of the related P. ardens, with rust-red scales covering much of the dorsal opisthosoma. Edwards (2004) placed P. ardens and P. texanus in the borealis clade of the purpuratus group within Phidippus, but kept the species separate in part because of their parapatric ranges. However, he did report both species from Lea County, New Mexico where this brood sac was found, and both live on mesquite. These are very large Phidippus, with females averaging 13-15 mm in body length.
Figure 3 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 3. Two views of an adult female Phidippus princeps captured in an old field in Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York (1978). In this area female P. princeps were tan in color, often with abundant white or cream-colored facial scales as shown here. At least as juveniles, they build their nests and hunt on herbaceous plants in old field habitats. They are common in eastern North America, from Minnesota southeast to northwestern South Carolina and northern Georgia. Further to the southeast, they are replaced by the closely related P. pulcherrimus Keyserling 1885, also an inhabitant of old fields (Edwards 2004). Note the distinctive 'hair' tufts on the carapace, a characteristic of most Phidippus jumping spiders.
Figure 2 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 2. Two adult female Phidippus audax captured in an old field in Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York (1978). Many local varieties of P. audax do not have the broad lateral band of opisthosomal scales shown here. P. audax appears to be a generalist with respect to habitat and it is widely distributed across much of North America, with many recent sightings in the far west. It can frequently be found living on herbaceous plants in old fields, but I have also found it near water, woodland margins, on trees, on fence posts, and even nesting on the ground under rocks.
Figure 18 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 18. Oncopeltus fasciatus aggregating on Asclepias leaves and seed pods in southern Greenville County, South Carolina. These insects pierce seed pods to feed on seeds. 1, Pair of immatures resting on top of an Asclepias leaf. 2, Two adults feeding on seed pod. 3, Aggregation of mating adult pairs. 4, Lateral view of adult showing long stylus. 5, Dorsal view of adult.
Figure 14 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 14. Recovery of tendency to attack by adult female Phidippus audax. Each spider was placed in a clean Petri dish with one adult Oncopeltus reared on Asclepias reared. After an initial attack (t=0), the behavior of 40 spiders (numbered at left) was charted through either the third sequential attack, or until 15 minutes had elapsed, whatever came first. Turns to face the bugs are shown as green circles, and attacks (jump and contact) are shown as red circles.
Figure 6 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 6. Violent reaction of an adult female Phidippus princeps to fluids associated with an adult Oncopeltus fasciatus. 1, This spider first bit the bug on its head but held its legs and pedipalps far away from the prey. 2, Moments later, the spider dropped the fatally-bitten bug, and began to wipe its mouthparts against the surface, leaving a trail of fluid behind (fluid cannot be seen in these photographs).
Figures 13.15-13.16. Adult female Phidippus clarus Keyserling 1885 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figures 13.15-13.16. Adult female Phidippus clarus Keyserling 1885, Greenville County, South Carolina.
Figures 13.9-13.10. Adult female Phidippus arizonensis Peckham & Peckham 1883 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figures 13.9-13.10. Adult female Phidippus arizonensis Peckham & Peckham 1883, Cameron County, Texas.
Figures 1-2. Phidippus pacosauritus male, anterior view. Figure 2 in Description of Phidippus pacosauritus sp. nov. (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini: Dendryphantina), with a reanalysis of related species in the mystaceus group
Figures 1-2. Phidippus pacosauritus male, anterior view. Figure 2. Arrow pointing at femur I dorsal setal tuft. Photo credits: Colin Hutton.
Figures 24-29. Phidippus mystaceus clade group members, male anterior view. Figure 24. Phidippus mystaceus, Oklahoma. Figure 25. Phidippus toro, Arizona. Figure 26. Phidippus pacosauritus, Sinaloa. Figure 27 in Description of Phidippus pacosauritus sp. nov. (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini: Dendryphantina), with a reanalysis of related species in the mystaceus group
Figures 24-29. Phidippus mystaceus clade group members, male anterior view. Figure 24. Phidippus mystaceus, Oklahoma. Figure 25. Phidippus toro, Arizona. Figure 26. Phidippus pacosauritus, Sinaloa. Figure 27. Phidippus arizonensis, central Mexico, state uncertain. Figure 28. Phidippus cruentus, Jalisco. Figure 29. Phidippus adonis, Morelos. Photo credits: Figures 24, 26-29, David Hill.
Figures 42-43. Primary courtship positions for P. pacosauritus. Figure 42. Stationary position. Figure 43 in Description of Phidippus pacosauritus sp. nov. (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini: Dendryphantina), with a reanalysis of related species in the mystaceus group
Figures 42-43. Primary courtship positions for P. pacosauritus. Figure 42. Stationary position. Figure 43. Lateral display position. Photo credits: David Hill.
Figure 46 in Description of Phidippus pacosauritus sp. nov. (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini: Dendryphantina), with a reanalysis of related species in the mystaceus group
Figure 46. New proposed phylogeny of mystaceus clade with addition of P. pacosauritus. Version resolving behavioral and some morphological homoplasy. One of the two homoplasious carapace modifications (in
Figures 20-23. Phidippus pacosauritus genital structures. Figures 20-21. Male palp. Figure 20. Ventral view. Figure 21. Lateral view. Figures 22-23. Female epigyne. Figure 22. Ventral view. Figure 23 in Description of Phidippus pacosauritus sp. nov. (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini: Dendryphantina), with a reanalysis of related species in the mystaceus group
Figures 20-23. Phidippus pacosauritus genital structures. Figures 20-21. Male palp. Figure 20. Ventral view. Figure 21. Lateral view. Figures 22-23. Female epigyne. Figure 22. Ventral view. Figure 23. Dorsal view cleared.
Figure 44 in Description of Phidippus pacosauritus sp. nov. (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini: Dendryphantina), with a reanalysis of related species in the mystaceus group
Figure 44. Phidippus phylogeny based only on morphological characters, proposed by Edwards (2004), with mystaceus group in orange box and clade containing P. mystaceus in blue box and enlargement.
Figure 45 in Description of Phidippus pacosauritus sp. nov. (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini: Dendryphantina), with a reanalysis of related species in the mystaceus group
Figure 45. New proposed phylogeny of mystaceus clade with addition of P. pacosauritus. Version without leg
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