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FIGURE 31 in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURE 31. Morphology of male genitalia, indicating terminology adopted in the text. A. Philaethria romeroi, genitalia lateral view, sa, saccus; vi, vinculum; te, tegumen; gn, gnathos; un, uncus; va, valva. B. P. romeroi, genitalia dorsal view. C. P. ostara araguensis, genitalia lateral view. D. P. ostara araguensis, genitalia dorsal view. E. P. romeroi, right valva enlarged, showing a prominent cone-shaped arm with a characteristic arrangement of microspines. F. P. romeroi aedeagus removed, in lateral view. G. P. romeroi aedeagus, dorsal view. Scale line 1 mm.

FIGURE 42. A, B. P in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURE 42. A, B. P. dido dido, Rio Madre de Dios, Perú. C. P. dido dido, Mato Grosso Brazil. D. mating of P. diatonica. E–F. Larva of P. dido chocoensis, Colombia. G–H. Larva of P. pygmalion, Villavicencio, Colombia. I. egg of P. dido chocoensis. J. Pupa of P. dido dido, Villavicencio, Colombia. K. Pupa of P. andrei, Fr. Guiana. L. Larva of P. diatonica, ACG Guanacaste, Costa Rica. M. Passiflora vitifolia, host plant of P. dido chocoensis, Rio Anchicayá, Colombia. Photos:Adrian Hoskins, H. Koloska, Gill Carter, B. Jimenez, Gregory Nielsen, Daniel Janzen, Christian Brevignon, Fredy Montero, Luis M. Constantino.

FIGURES 32–41 in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURES 32–41. Male genitalia, with aedeagus removed in lateral view. 32. P. diatonica. 33. P. dido 34. P. constantinoi. 35. P. wernickei. 36. P. pygmalion. 37. P. neildi. 38. P. andrei. 39. P. o s t a r a. 40. P. browni. 41. P. romeroi. Scale line 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURE 1. Venation and wing pattern elements of Philaethria, indicating terminology adopted in the text.

FIGURES 2-11. 2. P. dido dido 3 in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURES 2-11. 2. P. dido dido 3 Rio Amazonas, Colombia, 3. P. dido chocoensis 3 Rio Anchicayá, W. Colombia, 4. P. dido dido 3 Bajo Rio Caura, Bolivar, Venezuela, 5. P. dido panamensis, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. Pácora, Chiriquí, Panama, 6. P. diatonica 3 ACG Guanacaste, Costa Rica, 7. P. diatonica Ƥ Metates, Oaxaca, Mexico, 8. P. constantinoi 3 Chocó, W. Colombia, 9. P. constantinoi Ƥ Chocó, W. Colombia, 10. P. wernickei 3 Sao Paulo, Brazil, 11. P. pygmalion pygmalion 3 Araracuara, Amazonas, Colombia.

FIGURES 22-29. 22. P in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURES 22-29. 22. P. ostara araguensis, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. Choroni, Aragua, Venezuela, 23. P. ostara meridensis, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. El Cacao, Barinas, Venezuela, 24. P. ostara ostara Chinapintza, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. 25. P. ostara ostara, Tingo Maria, Huanuco, Peru. 26. P. browni, sp. nov., 3 Holotype. Barinas, Venezuela. 27. P. browni, sp. nov., Ƥ Allotype. Barinas, Venezuela. 28. P. romeroi, sp. nov., 3 Holotype. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela. 29. P. romeroi, sp. nov., 3 Paratype. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela.

FIGURE 30 in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURE 30. Distribution of Philaethria species in the Neotropical region, showing collection localities.

FIGURES 12-21. 12. P in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURES 12-21. 12. P. pygmalion metaensis, ssp.nov., 3 Holotype. Rio Ariari, Meta, Colombia. 13. P. neildi neildi, sp. nov., 3 Holotype. Barinas, Venezuela. 14. P. neildi neildi, sp. nov., Ƥ Allotype. Barinas, Venezuela. 15. P. neildi winhardi, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. Sierra Nevada de Sta Marta, Colombia. 16. P. neildi tachiraensis, ssp. nov. Holotype. 3 N. Tamá, Tachira, Venezuela. 17. P. neildi tachiraensis, ssp. nov. Allotype. Ƥ San Cristobal, Tachira, Venezuela. 18. P. andrei andrei, holotype 3 Carapa, Macouria. Fr. Guiana. 19. P. andrei andrei, allotype Ƥ Carapa, Macouria, Fr. Guiana. 20. P. andrei orinocensis, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. Delta Amacuro, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela. 21. P. ostara araguensis, ssp. nov., Ƥ Allotype. Catica, Aragua, Venezuela.

Figure 6 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 6. Evolutionary relationships of Philaethria based on DNA sequences from specimens of Philaethria wernickei (southern population; Atlantic Rain Forest) and individuals previously described as Philaethria pygmalion (northern population; Amazon Forest), depicted by the green shading (grey in print version). Philaethria diatonica and Philaethria dido were used to root the tree. Purple (grey) circles represent individuals from the Atlantic Rain Forest and black triangles indicate samples from the Amazon Basin. A, consensus Bayesian tree based on mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I, Co-I) and nuclear [triose-phosphate isomerase (Tpi), wingless (Wg), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)] DNA sequences. Posterior probabilities are shown above branches. Bootstrap node support based on maximum likelihood analysis is indicated below branches. Asterisks indicate node support lower than 70%. B, Median-joining network based on mtDNA and nuclear loci sequence data describing the relationship between haplotypes (purple indicates southern population, and black, northern population). Nucleotide substitutions are shown on the branches as small transverse bars. Circle size is proportional to haplotype frequency.

Figure 2 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 2. Location of linear measurements (A) and schematic representation (B, C) of Philaethria wings showing veins and landmarks adopted in this study. A, hind wing dorsal and ventral (detail) views, showing measured vectors. B, fore wing. C, hind wing. See Appendix S2 for details on morphological definitions of landmarks.

Figure 4 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 4. Linear variation in hind wing size and medial postdiscal bands for Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion (left column), and in relation to latitude when samples from the two species are combined (right column). A, D, hind wing length. B, E, hind wing length/postdiscal band ratio (AB/DE). C, F, inner and medial postdiscal band ratio (EF/DF). See Fig. 2A for details on wing position of corresponding measurements. Numbers above boxes indicate the number of specimens measured in each class.

Figure 1 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 1. Geographical distributions of Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion, and corresponding variation in male genitalia ultrastructure and ventral hind wing colour. A, shaded areas show distribution ranges proposed by Constantino & Salazar (2010) for P. wernickei (green) and P. pygmalion (red); green circles and red triangles represent collection localities of the material analysed in this study. B, variation in valva's cucullus, external view. C, variation in the colour pattern of hind wing surface, ventral view.

Figure 3 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 3. Male genitalia of Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion. A, P. wernickei, lateral view. B, P. pygmalion, lateral view. C, schematic representation of generalized genitalia for both, in lateral view. D, F, H, J, scanning electron micrographs of P. wernickei; E, G, I, K, scanning electron micrographs of P. pygmalion. D, E, ampulla external view. F, G, ampulla internal view. H, I, ampulla ornamentation in detail. J, K, fultura inferior distal end. Scale bars = 150, 30, and 100 μm, for D–G, H–I, and J–K, respectively.

Figure 8 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 8. STRUCTURE-based clustering of Philaethria wernickei individuals from low (0–10°S) to high (20–25°S) latitudes (north and south populations, respectively) based on amplified fragment length polymorphism loci. Each individual is represented by a vertical line divided into segments of different colour that represent genetic clusters (K) from 1–4.

Figure 7 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 7. Multilocus consensus Bayesian tree based on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (Co-I), triose-phosphate isomerase (Tpi), wingless (Wg), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) sequences from specimens of Philaethria wernickei (Atlantic Rain Forest, purple circles) and individuals previously described as Philaethria pygmalion (Amazon Forest, black triangles) depicted by the green shading (grey in print version). Philaethria pygmalion and Philaethria dido were used to root the tree. Posterior probabilities are shown above branches and bootstrap node support based on maximum likelihood analysis is indicated below branches. Asterisks indicate node support lower than 70%.