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23 results for “Philornis”
Temporal and spatial variation in sex-specific abundance of the avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi)
<p>Understanding the range and behaviour of an invasive species is critical to identify key habitat areas to focus control efforts. Patterns of range use in parasites can differ temporally, across life stages and between sexes. The invasive avian vampire fly, <em>Philornis downsi</em>, spends the larval stage of its life within bird nests, feeding on developing nestlings and causing high levels of mortality and deformation. However, little is known of the ecology and behaviour of the non-parasitic adult fly life stage. Here, we document sex-specific temporal and spatial patterns of abundance of adult avian vampire flies during a single Darwin's finch breeding season. We analyse fly trapping data collected across 7 weeks in the highlands (N = 405 flies) and lowlands (N = 12 flies) of Floreana Island (Galápagos). Lowland catches occurred later in the season, which supports the hypothesis that flies may migrate from the food-rich highlands to the food-poor lowlands once host breeding has commenced. Fly abundance was not correlated with host nesting density (oviposition site) but was correlated with distance to the agricultural zone (feeding site). We consistently caught more males closer to the agricultural zone and more females further away from the agricultural zone. These sex differences suggest that males may be defending or lekking at feeding sites in the agricultural zone for mating. This temporal and sex-specific habitat use of the avian vampire fly is relevant for developing targeted control methods and provides insight into the behavioural ecology of this introduced parasite on the Galápagos Archipelago.</p>
Figures 7-10 in A new host for Philornis torquans (Diptera, Muscidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado
Figures 7-10. (7) Philornis torquans (Nielsen), sternite 5, dorsal view; (8) Philornis torquans (Nielsen), cercal plate, dorsal view; (9) Philornis torquans (Nielsen), aedeagal complex, lateral view; (10) Philornis torquans (Nielsen), ovipositor, dorsal and ventral view.
Figures 5-6 in A new host for Philornis torquans (Diptera, Muscidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado
Figures 5-6. (5) Philornis torquans (Nielsen), adult male, dorsal view; (6) Philornis torquans (Nielsen), adult male, lateral view.
Figures 1-4 in A new host for Philornis torquans (Diptera, Muscidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado
Figures 1-4. (1) Nest of Neothraupis fasciata (Lichtenstein), (Passeriformes, Thraupidae) with parasitized nestlings; (2) Nestling of Neothraupis fasciata (Lichtenstein), (Passeriformes, Thraupidae) parasitized with Philornis torquans (Nielsen) subcutaneous larvae; (3) Head (dorsal view) of a nestling of Neothraupis fasciata (Lichtenstein), (Passeriformes, Thraupidae) with parasitized with Philornis torquans (Nielsen) subcutaneous larvae; (4) Head (dorsal-lateral view) of a nestling of Neothraupis fasciata (Lichtenstein), (Passeriformes, Thraupidae) with parasitized with Philornis torquans (Nielsen) subcutaneous larvae.
Evidence for rapid downward fecundity selection in an ectoparasite (Philornis downsi) with earlier host mortality in Darwin’s finches
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Temporal and spatial variation in sex-specific abundance of the avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi)
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Philornis parasitism: impact on nestlings and risk factors involved
<p>Parasitic botfly larvae (<i>Philornis</i> ssp., Diptera: Muscidae) are found in nests of several bird taxa, although prevalence and nestling tolerance vary considerably among species. Here we describe patterns of botfly infestation in blue-black grassquit (<i>Volatinia jacarina</i>) nestlings. We identified the most typically affected nestling body parts and assessed parasite prevalence, impact on nestling survival, changes in nestling body shape and mass index. Additionally, we tested whether climatic conditions, nest morphology and habitat characteristics are associated with larvae abundance. Blue-black grassquits had low breeding success (15%), but most failures resulted from predation by vertebrate predators. We estimated that only 1% of nestlings died due to botfly infestation, and the number of larvae in nestling body did not affect nest success. Infected chicks exhibited a higher body mass to tarsus length ratio, and higher tarsus asymmetry. Previous studies indicate that adult grassquits with a higher body mass index have lower dominance status and mating success. Thus, we argue that although botflies had a small impact on offspring survival, they may reduce fitness in adulthood. There was no evidence that environmental conditions and nest morphology are linked to the number of larvae on nestlings. Territories with higher food supply had lower infestation rates. Possibly, food-rich habitats allow parents to invest more time in offspring care (brooding nestlings), thus protecting them from fly attacks. The present study brings to light new perspectives concerning bird-botfly interaction</p>
FIGURE 9 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species
FIGURE 9. Brachymeria subconica Bouček ♀. A, frontovertex in dorsal view. B, head in frontal view. C, lower face in frontal view. D, scutellum in dorsal view. E, fore wing. F, fore wing base. G, apex of metasoma in lateral view. Abbreviations: atrc, adtorular carina; bf, basal fold; stsw subtorular swelling.
FIGURE 10 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species
FIGURE 10. Brachymeria sp. ♀ [= "Brassolis"]. A, head in anteroventral view. B, clypeus in frontal view. C, fore wing. D, fore wing base; E, metasoma in dorsal view. Abbreviations: atrc, adtorular carina; bf, basal fold; stsw subtorular swelling.
FIGURE 8 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species
FIGURE 8. Brachymeria subrugosa Blanchard ♀. A, head in frontal view. B, head in anterolateral view. C, lower face in frontal view. D, pedicel and base of flagellum. E, clava in apicolateral view. Abbreviations: atrc, adtorular carina; stsw subtorular swelling.
FIGURE 5 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species
FIGURE 5. Brachymeria philornisae Delvare sp. nov. ♀. (A−I paratype TRMO#1, 10 paratype TRMO#10). A, head in dorsal view. B, mesosoma in dorsal view. C, sculpture of mesonotum. D, mesosoma in lateral view. E, propodeum in posterolateral view. F, hind leg. G, sculpture of metafemur. H, hind telotarsus. I, metasoma in dorsal view. J, apex of metasoma in lateral view. Abbreviation: fsa, falcate seta.
FIGURE 7 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species
FIGURE 7. Brachymeria costalimai Delvare nom. nov. ♀. A, head in lateral view. B, lower face in anterolateral view. C, clava in lateral view. D, meso- and metapleuron in lateral view. E, mesepisternum in ventral view. F, mesepisternum in posteroventral view. G, metepisternum in ventral view. Abbreviations: atrc, adtorular carina; epcm, epicnemium; fcx3, metacoxa foramen; mtst, metepisternum; mvpt, medioventral projection of prepectus; scxs supracoxal stripe; stsw subtorular swelling.
FIGURE 6 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species
FIGURE 6. Brachymeria philornisae Delvare sp. nov. ♀. (A−C holotype TRMO#2, D-F paratype TRMO#3, H−K paratype TRMO#10). A, gena in lateral view. B, lower face in frontal view. C, clypeus in anterolateral view. D, antenna. E, pedicel and base of flagellum. F, clava in lateral view. G, clava in apicolateral view. H, metepimeron. I, mesepisternum in ventral view. J, metepisternum in ventral view. K, mid leg in anterior view. Abbreviations: atrc, adtorular carina; epcm, epicnemium; fcx3, metacoxal foramen; fpt, petiolar foramen; mtst, metepisternum; mvpt, medioventral projection of prepectus; scxs supracoxal stripe; stsw subtorular swelling.
FIGURE 3 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species
FIGURE 3. Setae on basal fold of fore wing. A. Boxplots for the five Brachymeria species. B. Scatterplot of the number of setae along fore wing size.
FIGURE 1 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species
FIGURE 1. Results of the MRA analysis. Scatterplots of the 1st (A) and 2nd (B) principal components in isospace.
Avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi) intensity and mortality
<p>In invasive parasites, generalism is considered advantageous during the initial phase of introduction. Thereafter, fitness costs to parasites, such as host-specific mortality, can drive parasites towards specialism to avoid costly hosts. It is important to determine changes in host specificity of invasive populations to understand host-parasite dynamics and their effects on vulnerable host populations. We examined changes in mortality in the introduced avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi) (Diptera: Muscidae), a generalist myasis-causing ectoparasite, between 2004 and 2020 on Floreana Island (Galápagos). Mortality was measured as the proportion of immature larvae found upon host nest termination. Over the time period, the avian vampire fly was most abundant and had low mortality in nests of the critically endangered medium tree finch (Camarhynchus pauper) and had the highest mortality in nests of hybrid tree finches (Camarhynchus spp.). Low larval mortality was also found in small tree (Camarhynchus parvulus) and small ground finch (Geospiza fuliginosa) nests. Selection could favour avian vampire flies that select medium tree finch nests and/or avoid hybrid nests. Overall, the finding of differences in avian vampire fly survival across host species is parsimonious with the idea that the introduced fly may be evolving towards host specialisation.</p>
Avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi) intensity and mortality
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Philornis parasitism: impact on nestlings and risk factors involved
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Supplementary Data: "Environmental variables determining the distribution of an avian parasite: the case of the Philornis torquans complex (Diptera: Muscidae) in South America"
<p>Supplementary material in the work "Environmental variables determining the presence of an avian parasite: the case of the Philornis torquans complex (Diptera: Muscidae) in South America"</p>
Data from: Introduced parasite changes host phenotype, mating signal and hybridisation risk: Philornis downsi effects on Darwin's finch song
Introduced parasites that alter their host's mating signal can change the evolutionary trajectory of a species through sexual selection. Darwin's Camarhynchus finches are threatened by the introduced fly Philornis downsi that is thought to have accidentally arrived on the Galapagos Islands during the 1960s. The P. downsi larvae feed on the blood and tissue of developing finches causing on average ~55 % in-nest mortality and enlarged naris size in survivors. Here we test if enlarged naris size is associated with song characteristics and vocal deviation in the small tree finch (Camarhynchus parvulus), the critically endangered medium tree finch (C. pauper), and the recently observed hybrid tree finch group (Camarhynchus hybrids). Male C. parvulus and C. pauper with enlarged naris size produced song with lower maximum frequency and greater vocal deviation, but there was no significant association in hybrids. Less vocal deviation predicted faster pairing success in both parental species. Finally, C. pauper males with normal naris size produced species-specific song, but male C. pauper with enlarged naris size had song that was indistinguishable from other tree finches. When parasites disrupt host mating signal, they may also facilitate hybridisation. Here we show how parasite-induced naris enlargement affects vocal quality resulting in blurred species mating signals.
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