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Figura 2 in Primer ( registro documentado de la Parina Chica Phoenicoparrus jamesi, Phoenicopteriformes: Phoenicopteridae) en Santiago del Estero, Argentina

Figura 2. Variación en la tonalidad de la coloración del plumaje de individuos de Parina Chica (Phoenicoparrus jamesi). Foto: Oscar B. Quiroga. Figure 2. Variation in the tonality of the coloration of the plumage of individuals of Puna Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi). Photo: Oscar B. Quiroga.

Figura 1 in Primer ( registro documentado de la Parina Chica Phoenicoparrus jamesi, Phoenicopteriformes: Phoenicopteridae) en Santiago del Estero, Argentina

Figura 1. Mapa del área de estudio donde se muestra: A) dique de Los Quiroga, B) localidad de Tipiro y C) laguna donde se observaron a las Parinas Chicas (Phoenicoparrus jamesi). Fuente: Google Earth 2022. Figure 1. Map of the study area showing: A) Los Quiroga dam, B) Tipiro locality and C) lagoon where Puna Flamingos (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) were observed. Source: Google Earth 2022.

Figura 4 in Primer ( registro documentado de la Parina Chica Phoenicoparrus jamesi, Phoenicopteriformes: Phoenicopteridae) en Santiago del Estero, Argentina

Figura 4. Grupo de Parinas Chicas (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) al levantar vuelo junto a Patos Crestudos (Sarkidiornis sylvicola). Foto: Oscar B. Quiroga. Figure 4. Group of Puna Flamingos (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) taking flight together with Crested Ducks (Sarkidiornis sylvicola). Photo: Oscar B. Quiroga.

Figura 3 in Primer ( registro documentado de la Parina Chica Phoenicoparrus jamesi, Phoenicopteriformes: Phoenicopteridae) en Santiago del Estero, Argentina

Figura 3. Individuos de Parinas Chicas (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) compartiendo el espejo de agua junto a otras aves: A) Himantopus mexicanus, B) Sarkidiornis sylvicola y C) Phoenicopterus chilensis. Fotos: Oscar B. Quiroga. Figure 3. Individuals of Puna Flamingos (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) sharing the water mirror with other birds: A) Himantopus mexicanus, B) Sarkidiornis sylvicola and C) Phoenicopterus chilensis. Photos: Oscar B. Quiroga.

Figure 4 in First Record of Palaelodus (Aves: Phoenicopteriformes) from New Zealand

Figure 4. Views of NMNZ S.51257 in dorsal (A), cranial (B, C), left lateral (D), and ventral (E) views. Abbreviations: pc, pila coracoidea; sac, sulcus articularis coracoideus; li, labrum internum; se, base of spina externa. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 1. The holotype distal right tibiotarsus NMNZ S.51799 in First Record of Palaelodus (Aves: Phoenicopteriformes) from New Zealand

Figure 1. The holotype distal right tibiotarsus NMNZ S.51799 of Palaelodus aotearoa, in cranial (A), lateral (B), medial (C), posterior (D), cranial (E), and distal (F) views. Numbers refer to characters given in genus referral. Abbreviations: ltRET, lateral attachment of retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; es, extensor sulcus; ii, intercondylar incision; mtRET, medial attachment of retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tb, supratendinal bridge. Scale bars, upper = 5 cm, lower = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in First Record of Palaelodus (Aves: Phoenicopteriformes) from New Zealand

Figure 3. Distal tibiotarsi of Palaelodus species compared in cranial views: A, P. wilsoni SAM P.22706; B, Palaelodus sp. indet. SAM P.25151; C, D, P. aotearoa NMNZ S.51258; E, P. ambiguus, CM Av11396; F, P. wilsoni, SAM P.27973; and G, P. aotearoa NMNZ S.51799. A and F illustrate size range in P. wilsoni. Scale bar = 1 cm. Abbreviations as in Fig. 1.

Figure 2. The paratype distal right tibiotarsus NMNZ S.51258 in First Record of Palaelodus (Aves: Phoenicopteriformes) from New Zealand

Figure 2. The paratype distal right tibiotarsus NMNZ S.51258 of Palaelodus aotearoa, in anterior (A), posterior (B),

Figure 7 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 7. Summary of genetic diversity indexes, based on 15 microsatellite loci, in three colonies of the Caribbean flamingo. Na = No. of different alleles, Na (Freq ≥ 5%) = No. of different alleles with a frequency ≥ 5%, Ne = No. of effective alleles, I = Shannon's information index, and He = expected heterozygosity. The allelic richness of Galápagos was calculated for 13 rather than 15 loci (FlamHD43 has no data and FlamHD20 has 91.3% of missing data).

Figure 6 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 6. Structure results on the clustering of 160 individuals from Phoenicopterus ruber, assuming three populations and using 15 microsatellite loci. The colonies from Cuba and Bonaire showed a signal of structure, even though the most probable number of clusters suggested by the method of Evanno et al. (2005) is two.

Figure 5. The haplotype minimum spanning network using 612 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 5. The haplotype minimum spanning network using 612 bp of the cytochrome b gene to compare colonies of Caribbean flamingos from Cuba (N = 49), Bonaire (N = 38) and Galápagos (N = 35).

Figure 4 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 4. Genetic structure of Phoenicopteriformes using 17 microsatellite loci. Phoenicoparrus jamesi and Phoeniconaias minor are grouped in the same cluster when K = 5, following Evanno et al. (2005)'s estimation (A), but they separate when K = 6, based on Puechmaille (2016)'s assessment (B).

Figure 3 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 3. Time-scaled maximum clade credibility tree based on a partial sequence of flamingos cytochrome b (611 bp). The analysis includes the six extant flamingo species; individuals from the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) are identified by their colony of origin: CU (Cuba), Bon (Bonaire) and Gal (Galápagos). Blue bars represent the 95% highest posterior density intervals (95% HPD) of the node ages (in millions of years). The crown Phoenicopteridae diversified around 13 (9–18; 95% HPD) Mya followed by the split of the two main extant flamingo clades approximately 7 Mya. The expansion of existing haplotypes of all species occurred in the last two million years. The branch leading to the endemic haplotype from Galápagos, sample 51637, is coloured red.

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Figure 2 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 2. Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes using cytochrome b partial sequences. The hybrid flamingos are grouped with Phoenicopterus chilensis and Phoenicopterus ruber. The Phoenicopterus ruber samples have references to their colony of origin: CU (Cuba), Bon (Bonaire) and Gal (Galápagos). As a control, we included the flamingo sequences from Torres et al. (2014) and a partial sequence of Phoenicopterus roseus (-mtDNA) GenBank: EF532932.1. The tree was inferred by using the maximum likelihood method and the Hasegawa–Kishino–Yano mutation model, numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap support.

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Figure 1 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 1. Distribution area of the Caribbean flamingo (Birdlife-International, 2016; Torres-Cristiani et al., 2020). The colonies sampled in Cuba are labelled as; CP, Cayo Las Picúas; RM, Río Máximo; RC, Río Cauto; the rest of the samples come from Bonaire and Galápagos. The genetic flow between the northern and southern Caribbean colonies remains unknown.