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21 results for “Phrymaceae”
Phylogenomic analyses in Phrymaceae reveal extensive gene tree discordance in relationships among major clades
<p>• Premise of the study: Phylogenomic datasets using genomes and transcriptomes provide rich opportunities beyond resolving bifurcating phylogenetic relationships. Monkeyflower (Phrymaceae) is a model system for evolutionary ecology. However, it lacks a well-supported phylogeny for a stable taxonomy and for macroevolutionary comparisons.</p> <p>• Methods: We sampled 24 genomes and transcriptomes in Phrymaceae and closely related families, including eight newly sequenced transcriptomes. We reconstructed the phylogeny using IQ-TREE and ASTRAL, evaluated gene tree discordance using PhyParts, Quartet Sampling, and cloudogram, and carried out phylogenetic network analyses using PhyloNet and HyDe. We searched for whole genome duplication (WGD) events using chromosome numbers, synonymous distance, and gene duplication events.</p> <p>• Key results: Most gene trees support the monophyly of Phrymaceae and each of its tribes. Most gene trees also support the tribe Mimuleae being sister to Phrymeae + Diplaceae + Leucocarpeae, with extensive gene tree discordance among the latter three. Despite the discordance, polyphyly of Mimulus s.l. is strongly supported, and no particular reticulation event among the Phrymaceae tribes is well supported. Reticulation likely occurred among Erythranthe bicolor and close relatives. No ancient WGD event was detected in Phrymaceae. Instead, small-scale duplications are among potential drivers of macroevolutionary diversification of Phrymaceae.</p> <p>• Conclusions: We show that analysis of reticulate evolution is sensitive to taxon sampling and methods used. We also demonstrate that genome-scale data do not always fully "resolve" phylogenetic relationships. They present rich opportunities to investigate reticulate evolution, and gene and genome evolution involved in lineage diversification and adaptation.</p>
Phylogenomic analyses in Phrymaceae reveal extensive gene tree discordance in relationships among major clades
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Data from: Floral color variation across life history and geography in Mimulus ringens (Phrymaceae)
<p>With these data, we explore the possibility that both floral color and life history have shifted together in a recently described, genetically distinct group within the species <em>Mimulus ringens</em>. Using a large, range-wide citizen science dataset, we test for geographic trends in flower color and flowering time. We combine this with greenhouse studies in populations of known life history to test for differences in flower color with life history. We show that darker-flowered plants are more common at higher latitudes, that annual-like populations have darker flowers, and that flowering time varies with latitude only in the subset of populations that have lighter flowers. This suggests that annual-like populations (with the earlier flowering time typical of this life history) are restricted to the northern part of the species range, and likely arose there. </p>
FIGURE 2. Cyrtandromoea sudhansui. A in Cyrtandromoea sudhansui (Phrymaceae), a new species from Northeast India
FIGURE 2. Cyrtandromoea sudhansui. A. Shoot with anthetic and post-anthetic flowers. B, C. Leaf, adaxial and abaxial surfaces. D. Flower, front-adaxial view. E. Flower, side view. F. Flower, front view. G. Bracts. H, I. Artificially opened calyx, views from outside and from inside. J. Corolla artificially opened along adaxial side, view from inside. K. Androecium. L. Gynoecium and disk. Photos by K. Chowlu.
FIGURE 1. Cyrtandromoea sudhansui. A, B. Branches with flowers. C in Cyrtandromoea sudhansui (Phrymaceae), a new species from Northeast India
FIGURE 1. Cyrtandromoea sudhansui. A, B. Branches with flowers. C. Plant with immature fruits, showing adaxial surfaces of leaves. D. Portion of shoot, showing winged stem. E. Flower, front view. Photos by K. Chowlu.
Data from: Hybridisation and genetic diversity in introduced Mimulus (Phrymaceae)
Hybridisation among taxa with different ploidy levels is often associated with hybrid sterility. Clonal reproduction can stabilise these hybrids, but pervasive clonality may have a profound impact on the distribution of genetic diversity in natural populations. Here we investigate a widespread triploid taxon resulting from hybridisation between diploid Mimulus guttatus and tetraploid Mimulus luteus, two species that were introduced into the United Kingdom (UK) in the nineteenth century. This hybrid, Mimulus x robertsii, is largely sterile but capable of prolific vegetative propagation and has been recorded in the wild since 1872. We surveyed 40 Mimulus populations from localities across the UK to examine the current incidence of hybrids, and selected seventeen populations for genetic analysis using codominant markers. Cluster analyses revealed two main groups of genetically distinct individuals, corresponding to either diploid (M. guttatus) or polyploid (M. luteus and M. x robertsii) samples. Triploid hybrids were found in around 50% of sampled sites, sometimes coexisting with one of the parental species (M. guttatus). The other parent, M. luteus, was restricted to a single locality. Individual populations of M. x robertsii were genetically variable, containing multiple, highly heterozygous clones, with the majority of genetic variation distributed among- rather than within populations. Our findings demonstrate that this largely sterile, clonal taxon can preserve non-negligible amounts of genetic variation. The presence of genetically variable hybrid populations may provide the material for the continued success of asexual taxa in diverse environments.
FIGURE 2. Cyrtandromoea grandiflora, floral structure. A. Flower bud, lateral view. B in Cyrtandromoea grandiflora, a new generic record for Vietnam, and a key to Vietnamese Phrymaceae
FIGURE 2. Cyrtandromoea grandiflora, floral structure. A. Flower bud, lateral view. B. Flower, oblique-adaxial view. C. Transversally opened flower. D. Adaxial (upper) half of corolla, adaxial stamens and gynoecium. E. Gynoecium, adaxial view. F. Pair of stamens. G. Young fruit in artificially opened calyx. H. Young fruit and calyx, longitudinal section. I. Flattened fruiting calyx, abaxial view. J. Young fruit, cross section. Bui 217 (A, E) and Bach et al. VK 7170 (B‒D, F‒J). Photos by H.Q. Bui, correction and design by M. Nuraliev.
FIGURE 1. Cyrtandromoea grandiflora. A, B. Branches with inflorescences. C in Cyrtandromoea grandiflora, a new generic record for Vietnam, and a key to Vietnamese Phrymaceae
FIGURE 1. Cyrtandromoea grandiflora. A, B. Branches with inflorescences. C. Inflorescence on herbaceous stem. D, E. Inflorescences on woody stems. Bach et al. VK 7170 (A‒C) and Bui 217 (D, E). Photos by H.Q. Bui, correction and design by M. Nuraliev.
CYCLOIDEA paralogs function redundantly to specify dorsal flower development in Mimulus lewisii (Phrymaceae)
<p><strong>Premise</strong>: Duplicated genes (paralogs) are abundant in plant genomes and their retention may influence the function of genetic programs and contribute to evolutionary novelty. How gene duplication affects genetic modules, and the forces that contribute to paralog retention are outstanding questions. The CYCLOIDEA(CYC)-dependent flower symmetry program is a model for understanding the evolution of gene duplication, providing multiple examples of paralog partitioning and novelty. However, a novel CYC gene lineage duplication event near the origin of Higher Core Lamiales (HCL) has received little attention.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: To understand the evolutionary fate of duplicated HCL CYC2 genes, we determined the effects on flower symmetry of suppressing MlCYC2A and MlCYC2B expression using RNA interference (RNAi). We determined flower symmetry phenotypic effects in single and double silenced backgrounds and coupled this with expression surveys of MlCYC2A, MlCYC2B, and a putative downstream RADIALIS (MlRAD5) ortholog.</p> <p><strong>Key</strong> <strong>results</strong>: MlCYC2A and MlCYC2B jointly contribute to bilateral flower symmetry. MlCYC2B exhibits a clear dorsal flower identity function and may additionally function in carpel development. MlCYC2A functions in establishing dorsal petal shape. Further, our results suggest an MlCYC2A–MlCYC2B regulatory interaction which may affect pathway homeostasis.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Our results suggest that Higher Core Lamiales-specific CYC paralogs may be selectively retained for their joint contribution to bilateral flower symmetry, similar to the independently-derived CYC paralogs in the Lamiales model for bilateral flower symmetry research, <em>Antirrhinum</em> <em>majus</em> (snapdragon).</p>
Data from: Floral color variation across life history and geography in Mimulus ringens (Phrymaceae)
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Data from: An ultraviolet floral polymorphism associated with life history drives pollinator discrimination in Mimulus guttatus (Phrymaceae)
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Data from: Hybridisation and genetic diversity in introduced Mimulus (Phrymaceae)
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CYCLOIDEA paralogs function redundantly to specify dorsal flower development in Mimulus lewisii (Phrymaceae)
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Data from: Characterization of 42 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Mimulus ringens (Phrymaceae) using Illumina sequencing
Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized in Mimulus ringens (Phrymaceae), a herbaceous wetland perennial, to facilitate studies of mating patterns and population genetic structure. Methods and Results: A total of 42 polymorphic loci were identified from a sample of 24 individuals from a single popula- tion in Ohio, USA. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to nine, and median observed heterozygosity was 0.435. Conclusions: This large number of polymorphic loci will enable researchers to quantify male fitness, patterns of multiple pa- ternity, selfing, and biparental inbreeding in large natural populations of this species. These markers will also permit detailed study of fine-scale patterns of genetic structure.
Data from: Comparative linkage maps suggest that fission, not polyploidy, underlies near-doubling of chromosome number within monkeyflowers (Mimulus; Phrymaceae)
Changes in chromosome number and structure are important contributors to adaptation, speciation, and macroevolution. In flowering plants, polyploidy and subsequent reductions in chromosome number by fusion are major sources of chromosomal evolution, but chromosome number increase by fission has been relatively unexplored. Here, we use comparative linkage mapping with gene-based markers to reconstruct chromosomal synteny within the model flowering plant genus Mimulus (monkeyflowers). Two sections of the genus with haploid numbers {greater than or equal to} 14 have been inferred to be relatively recent polyploids because they are phylogenetically nested within numerous taxa with low base numbers (n = 8-10). We combined multiple datasets to build integrated genetic maps of the M. guttatus species complex (section Simiolus, n = 14) and the M. lewisii group (section Erythranthe; n = 8), and then aligned the two integrated maps using >100 shared markers. We observed strong segmental synteny between M. lewisii and M. guttatus maps, with essentially 1-to-1 correspondence across each of 16 chromosomal blocks. Assuming that the M. lewisii (and widespread) base number of 8 is ancestral, reconstruction of 14 M. guttatus chromosomes requires at least eight fission events (likely shared by Simiolus and sister section Paradanthus [n=16]), plus two fusion events. This apparent burst of fission in the yellow monkeyflower lineages raises new questions about mechanisms and consequences of chromosomal fission in plants. Our comparative maps also provide insight into the origins of a chromosome exhibiting centromere-associated female meiotic drive and create a framework for transferring M. guttatus genome resources across the entire genus.
Figure 3 from: Vallejo-Marin M (2012) Mimulus peregrinus (Phrymaceae): A new British allopolyploid species. PhytoKeys 14: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.14.3305
Figure 3 - Flow-cytometry estimates of 2C DNA content (DAPI-stained) of British Mimulus. Error bars represent standard errors when multiple individuals per taxon were tested. Sample sizes as follows (chromosome numbers for each population are given in parenthesis when available). Mimulus guttatus: N = 4 individuals from Dunblane, Perthshire (2n = 28); and 2 individuals from Muckle Roe, Shetland; Mimulus × robertsii (= Mimulus guttatus × Mimulus luteus): N= 1 individual from Nenthall, Cumbria (2n = 44, 45); Mimulus × smithii (= Mimulus luteus var. luteus × Mimulus luteus var. variegatus): N = 2 individuals from Coldstream, Scottish Borders (2n = 59, 60, 61, 62); Mimulus peregrinus: N = 6 individuals from Leadhills, South Lanarkshire (2n = 92).All chromosome counts kindly provided by J. Bailey.
Figure 2 from: Vallejo-Marin M (2012) Mimulus peregrinus (Phrymaceae): A new British allopolyploid species. PhytoKeys 14: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.14.3305
Figure 2 - Flowers of Mimulus peregrinus and closely related taxa. A Mimulus guttatus B Mimulus × smithii (Mimulus luteus luteus × Mimulus luteus variegatus) C Mimulus × robertsii (Mimulus guttatus × Mimulus luteus), and D Mimulus peregrinus. Each taxon is represented by flowers from two individuals from a single locality to illustrate within-population variability: Mimulus guttatus = Dunblane, Perthshire; Mimulus × smithii = Coldstream, Scottish Borders; Mimulus × robertsii = Nenthall, Cumbria; Mimulus peregrinus = Leadhills, South Lanarkshire. Scale bar = 1cm.
Data from: Comparative linkage maps suggest that fission, not polyploidy, underlies near-doubling of chromosome number within monkeyflowers (Mimulus; Phrymaceae)
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Data from: Characterization of 42 polymorphic microsatellite loci in Mimulus ringens (Phrymaceae) using Illumina sequencing
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Figure 1 from: Vallejo-Marin M (2012) Mimulus peregrinus (Phrymaceae): A new British allopolyploid species. PhytoKeys 14: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.14.3305
Figure 1 - Holotype of Mimulus peregrinus Vallejo-Marin [11-LED-seed-2-14; barcode E00570050].
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