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Figure 8 in Systematics, host plants, and life histories of three new Phyllocnistis species from the central highlands of Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae)

Figure 8. Phyllocnistis maxberryi sp. n., pupa. A Ventral view of head B ventral view of cocoon-cutter C frons D lateral view of head E lateral view of cocoon-cutter F dorsal of sixth abdominal tergum G spines on sixth abdominal tergum H lateral view of spines on seventh abdominal tergum I view of abdominal tip Į dorsal view of A9–10 K lateral seta on sixth abdominal tergum L ventral view of A9–10. Scale bars 100 µm.

Figure 6 in Systematics, host plants, and life histories of three new Phyllocnistis species from the central highlands of Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae)

Figure 6. Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n., genitalia. A Male, ventral view B right valva, mesal view C aedeagus D female, lateral view E ventral view of terminal segments. (Scale bar 0.5 mm except for figure B, 0.25 mm.)

Figure 2 in Systematics, host plants, and life histories of three new Phyllocnistis species from the central highlands of Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae)

Figure 2. Adults of three new Phyllocnistis species from Costa Rica. A Phyllocnistis drimiphaga sp. n., holotype female B P. maxberryi sp. n., holotype female (abdomen removed for dissection) C P. tropaeolicola sp. n., holotype male.

Figure 10 in Systematics, host plants, and life histories of three new Phyllocnistis species from the central highlands of Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae)

Figure 10. Life history of Phyllocnistis drimiphaga sp. n. A Leaf mines on abaxial side of leaf surface, white square enclosing early mine, arrow pointing to pupal cocoon fold B close-up view of early mine, arrow pointing to egg shell remains C same as figure B, but showing frass pattern (photo taken with sunlight projecting through the leaf from behind) D nearly mature old mine on adaxial side E nearly mature old mine on abaxial side (photo taken from adaxial side) F opened mine showing mature sapfeeding larva in situ G opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning larva in situ H pupal cocoon fold on adaxial mine I opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ (dorsal view) Į protruded and attached pupal shell (arrow) on pupal cocoon fold of an abaxial leaf mine K opened pupal cocoon fold on adaxial mine showing Ageniaspis cocoons in situ.

Figure 1 in Systematics, host plants, and life histories of three new Phyllocnistis species from the central highlands of Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae)

Figure 1. Habitats and larval host plants of Phyllocnistis species. A Cerro de la Muerte, Villa Mills region, 3000 m and below, in Cordillera de Talamanca B Volcán Barva, ALAS transect, 2000 m, in Braulio Carillo National Park C habitat of P. drimiphaga in Cerro de la Muerte, km 70 Pan-American Hwy, road to El Paraíso del Quetzal, 2700 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found D young stem shoots and leaves of Drimys granadensis of C, growing from base of the tree E flowers and leaves of D. granadensis F habitat of P. maxberryi in Cerro de la Muerte, km 95 Pan-American Hwy, trail front of La Georgina in Villa Mills, 3100 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found G young growth of Gaiadendron punctatum in front, and mature trees with yellow fruits in behind, at ALAS transect in Vara Blanca, 2000 m H habitat of P. tropaeolicola in Cerro de la Muerte, on km 95 Pan-American Hwy, near La Gegina in Mills, 3100 m, arrow pointing to host plant where mines were found I Tropaeolum emarginatum, details of host plants that are shown in H.

Figure 12 in Systematics, host plants, and life histories of three new Phyllocnistis species from the central highlands of Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae)

Figure 12. Life history of Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola sp. n. A Leaf mines on a young leaf, arrows pointing at young to middle instar larvae B mature leaf mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow), white square enclosing early stage mine region C mature sap-feeding larva in pre-cocoon chamber D detailed view of figure C E opened mine showing nearly mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoon-spinning instar in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing to the slender exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsolateral view.

Figure 11 in Systematics, host plants, and life histories of three new Phyllocnistis species from the central highlands of Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae)

Figure 11. Life history of Phyllocnistis maxberryi sp. n. A Leaf mines on young growing Gaiadendron shoot B mature mine with pupal cocoon fold (arrow) C nearly mature mine and mature sap-feeding larva (left arrow), and oviposition location (right arrow) D close-up view of mature sap-feeding larva E opened mine showing mature sap-feeding larva in situ F opened young pupal cocoon fold showing cocoonspinning larva in situ G pupal cocoon fold, arrow pointing at thinner pupal exit H opened pupal cocoon fold showing pupa in situ, dorsal view I pupa in situ, lateral view.

Fig. 5 in Phyllocnistis hemera sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): a new species of leaf-miner associated with Daphnopsis fasciculata (Thymelaeaceae) in the Atlantic Forest

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of P. hemera spinning larva: (A, B) head, dorsal and ventral views; (C) spinneret, antero-lateral (arrow indicates functional aperture); (D) head, lateral; (E) detail of trophic lobe, dorsal; (F) prothoracic shield, dorsal; (G) prothoracic spiracle, lateral; (H) antenna, anterior; (I) meso- and metathoracic calli, ventral; (J) mesothoracic callus in detail (indicated by rectangle in I), ventral; (K) abdominal segments Ab 7-10, dorsal; (L) latero-sensillum indicated by arrow in K, dorsal; (M) abdominal segment Ab 7, ventral (arrow indicates one of the calli); (N) callus in detail, ventral (indicated by arrow in M); (O) last abdominal segment, ventral. Scale bars: 200 (A, B, D, E, K), 150 (C,F), 10 (G, N), 20 (H, L), 250 (I), 80 (J, O), 100 µm (M).

Fig. 3 in Phyllocnistis hemera sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): a new species of leaf-miner associated with Daphnopsis fasciculata (Thymelaeaceae) in the Atlantic Forest

Fig. 3. Larval and pupal morphology of P. hemera under light microscopy: (A) sap-feeding larva, dorsal and ventral views; (B) spinning larva, dorsal and ventral; (C) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral, respectively. Scale bars: 500 µm.

Fig. 1 in Phyllocnistis hemera sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): a new species of leaf-miner associated with Daphnopsis fasciculata (Thymelaeaceae) in the Atlantic Forest

Fig. 1. Adult of Phyllocnistis hemera, dorsal view: (A) wings spread, pinned and dried (LMCI 306-47); (B) wings folded, on Daphnopsis fasciculata leaf surface. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Phyllocnistis hemera sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): a new species of leaf-miner associated with Daphnopsis fasciculata (Thymelaeaceae) in the Atlantic Forest

Fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of P.hemera pupa: (A) head, lateral view; (B) setae over clypeus, ventral; (C, D) cocoon-cutter, ventral and dorsal; (E) terga of abdominal segments Ab 3-4, dorsal; (F) detail of segment Ab 3, dorsal; (G) lateral seta with fine apex, adjacent to spiracle on abdominal segment Ab 4, dorsal; (H) lateral seta of Ab 7 with clavate apex, dorsal; (I) detail of tergum of Ab 3, lateral; (J–L) last abdominal segments, lateral, dorsal and ventral. Scale bars: 200 (A), 80 (B), 100 (C, D, G, K, L), 400 (E), 150 µm (F, H, I, J).

Fig. 2. P in Phyllocnistis hemera sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): a new species of leaf-miner associated with Daphnopsis fasciculata (Thymelaeaceae) in the Atlantic Forest

Fig. 2. P. hemera genitalia under light microscopy: (A–D) male genitalia; (E–G) female genitalia. (A) apex of left valva, mesal view (LMCI 319-69); (B) left corema, ventral (LMCI 306-26); (C) male genitalia, ventral; (D) aedeagus, lateral (LMCI 306-36); (E) female genitalia, ventral; (F) female last abdominal segments, lateral (LMCI 306-49) with the ostium bursae indicated by arrow; (G) signum in detail, ventral (LMCI 306-49). Scale bars: 50 (A, B, D), 100 (C, F, G), 400 µm (E).

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Fig. 4 in Disruption of the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in citrus: effect of blend and placement height, longevity of disruption and emission profile of a new dispenser

Fig. 4. Pheromone release profiles for DCEPT CLM™ (closed circles) and SPLAT CLM™ (open circles). DCEPT CLM data (top graph) are mean (± SD) percentage of initial amount of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal remaining in the dispensers (n = 10). SPLAT CLM points are equivalent data previously published (Stelinski et al. 2010). The amount of pheromone released (bottom graph) was calculated as the mean difference in pheromone remaining from the preceding period.

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Fig. 1 in Disruption of the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in citrus: effect of blend and placement height, longevity of disruption and emission profile of a new dispenser

Fig. 1. Mean ± SEM number of male Phyllocnistis citrella captured in pheromone-baited traps in untreated control plots (filled circles, n = 9) and in pheromonetreated plots (open circles, n = 14) of grapefruit at Emerald grove, St. Lucie County, Florida, USA. Triangles are mean ± SEM (n = 14) percentage trap catch disruption (right y axis). Insert: DCEPT CLM dispenser. Rubber disk is 1.2 cm in diameter; white plastic hanger is 3.5 × 4.3 cm.

Figuras 3-6. Prepupa y in Análisis histológico durante la metamorfosis de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Phyllocnistinae)

Figuras 3-6. Prepupa y pupa de Phyllocnistis citrella. 3. Prepupa: corte frontal de la región anterior. Disco Imaginal de la Antena (DIAn), Disco Imaginal de Alas (DIAl), Intestino Medio (IM), Disco Imaginal del Intestino Anterior (DIIA). 4. Pupa: corte frontal región anterior. Antena (An), Ojo Compuesto (OC), Espiráculo (E), Tráquea (Tr). 5. Pupa: corte frontal región posterior. Patas (P). 6. Pupa: corte sagital región media. Alas (Al), Intestino Medio (IM), Cuerpo Graso (CG) / 3. Prepupae: frontal section of the anterior región. Antenna Imaginal Discs (DIAn), Wings Imaginal Discs (DIAl), Midgut (IM), Foregut Imaginal Discs (DIIA). 4. Pupae: frontal section of the anterior region. Antenna (An), Compound Eyes (OC), Spiracle (E), Trachea (Tr). 5. Pupae: frontal section of the posterior region. Legs (P). 6. Pupae: sagittal section of the middle region. Wings (Al), Midgut (IM), Fat body (CG).

Figuras 1-2. Phyllocnistis citrella. 1 in Análisis histológico durante la metamorfosis de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Phyllocnistinae)

Figuras 1-2. Phyllocnistis citrella. 1. Prepupa extraÍda de la galerÍa. 2. Pupa extraÍda de la cámara pupal / 1. Prepupae taken out from the gallery. 2. Pupae taken out from the chamber.

Figuras 13-16.Prepupa y in Análisis histológico durante la metamorfosis de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Phyllocnistinae)

Figuras 13-16.Prepupa y pupa de Phyllocnistis citrella. 13. Prepupa: corte sagital región media. Intestino Medio (IM), célula columnar (cc), célula en copa (cp), célula regenerativa (cr). 14. Prepupa: corte frontal región posterior. PÍloro (P), Glándula Rectal (GR), Recto (R). 15. Prepupa: corte sagital región media. Túbulos de Malpighi (TM), Glándula SericÍgena Región Distal (GSD), Glándula de Verson (GV). 16. Pupa: corte frontal región media y posterior. Intestino Medio (IM), Intestino Posterior (IP), Túbulos de Malpighi (TM), Glándula SericÍgena Región Distal (GSD), Enocitos (en). / 13. Prepupae: sagittal section of the middle region. Midgut (IM), columnar cell (cc), globet cell (cp), regenerative cell (cr). 14. Prepupae: frontal section of the posterior region. Pylorus (P), Rectal Gland (GR), Rectum (R). 15. Prepupae: sagittal section of the middle region. Tubule Malpighian (TM), Posterior Silk Gland (GSD), Verson's Gland (GV), 16. Pupae: frontal section middle and posterior region. Midgut (IM), Hindgut (IP), Tubule Malpighian (TM), Posterior Silk Gland (GSD), Oenocytes (en).

Figuras 7-12. Prepupa y in Análisis histológico durante la metamorfosis de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Phyllocnistinae)

Figuras 7-12. Prepupa y pupa de Phyllocnistis citrella. 7. Prepupa: corte sagital región media. CutÍcula (C), Hipodermis (H), Glándula de Verson (GV), Tráquea (Tr), Musculo (M), Intestino Medio (IM). 8. Pupa: corte frontal de la región media. Musculo (M), Desmosoma (D), Intestino Medio (IM), núcleo picnótico (np), Intestino Posterior (IP), Glándula SericÍgena Región Distal (GSD), TestÍculo (T), Conducto Eferente (CE), Conducto Deferente (CD). 9. Prepupa: corte frontal región media. Enocitos (en), Glándula SericÍgena Región Media (GSM), Glándula SericÍgena Región Distal (GSD), Discos Imaginales de las Patas (DIP). 10. Pupa: corte frontal región media. Enocitos (en), TestÍculo: Germario (G), Zona de Crecimiento (ZC), Zona de Maduración (ZM), Zona de Transformación (ZT), Músculo (M). 11. Pupa: corte frontal regiones cefálica y torácica. Cerebro (C), Ganglios Torácicos (GT). 12. Pupa: corte frontal región media. Cadena Ganglionar Ventral (CGV). / 7. Prepupae: sagittal section of the middle región. Cuticle (C), Hypodermis (H), Verson's Gland (GV), Trachea (Tr), Muscle (M), Midgut (IM). 8. Pupae: frontal section of the middle región. Muscle (M), Desmosome (D), Midgut (IM), pyknotic nucleus (np), Hindgut (IP), Posterior Silk Gland (GSD), Testis (T), Vas Efferens (CE), Vas Deferens (CD). 9. Prepupae: frontal section of the middle región. Oenocytes (en), Middle Silk Gland (GSM), Posterior Silk Gland (GSD), Legs Imaginal Discs (DIP). 10. Pupae frontal section of the middle región. Oenocytes (en), Testis: Germarium (G), Zone of Growth (ZC), Zone of Maduration (ZM), Zone of Transformation (ZT), Muscle (M). 11. Pupae: frontal section cephalic and thoracic regions. Brain (C), Thoracic Ganglia (GT). 12. Pupae: frontal section of the middle región. Ventral Nerve Cord (CGV).