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FIGURE 5 in Applying n-dimensional hypervolumes for species delimitation: unexpected molecular, morphological, and ecological diversity in the Leaf-Toed Gecko Phyllodactylus reissii Peters, 1862 (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) from northern Peru

FIGURE 5. Dorsal and ventral views of the holotype of Phyllodactylus pachamama sp. nov. (ZFMK 90886). Scale bars represent 5 mm.

FIGURE 3. N in Applying n-dimensional hypervolumes for species delimitation: unexpected molecular, morphological, and ecological diversity in the Leaf-Toed Gecko Phyllodactylus reissii Peters, 1862 (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) from northern Peru

FIGURE 3. N-dimensional hypervolumes of morphological data show the position of the delimited species in the Phyllodactylus reissii group in multidimensional morphological space. Circles mark PCA-derived observations.

FIGURE 2 in Applying n-dimensional hypervolumes for species delimitation: unexpected molecular, morphological, and ecological diversity in the Leaf-Toed Gecko Phyllodactylus reissii Peters, 1862 (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) from northern Peru

FIGURE 2. Bayesian consensus tree of Ecuadorian and Peruvian Phyllodactylus based on 835 bp of mitochondrial DNA (12S and 16S rRNA). Node support in terms of Bayesian posterior probabilities is indicated by circles at nodes (nodes with a BPP ≥ 0.90 are white, BPP ≥ 0.95 are grey, BPP> 0.99 are black, values <0.90 are not marked). Outgroup (Phyllopezus maranjonensis) not shown for clarity. Results of the species delimitations in the P. reissii group are illustrated by vertical bars. Each bar represents a species detected by the respective approach. Coloration of the bars is according to the species resulting from the consensus of all species delimitation hypotheses.

FIGURE 1 in Applying n-dimensional hypervolumes for species delimitation: unexpected molecular, morphological, and ecological diversity in the Leaf-Toed Gecko Phyllodactylus reissii Peters, 1862 (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) from northern Peru

FIGURE 1. Geographical distribution of the different clades of Phyllodactylus reissii and related species. Colors refer to delimited species (see Fig. 2). Insets show clades endemic to the inter-Andean valley of the upper Marañón River. Circles mark occurrence records used for climatic niche distribution modeling. Localities with a thick margin were also genetically sampled.

FIGURE 6 in Applying n-dimensional hypervolumes for species delimitation: unexpected molecular, morphological, and ecological diversity in the Leaf-Toed Gecko Phyllodactylus reissii Peters, 1862 (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) from northern Peru

FIGURE 6. Phyllodactylus pachamama sp. nov. from the type locality (Balsas, Amazonas, Peru) in life.

FIGURE 4. N in Applying n-dimensional hypervolumes for species delimitation: unexpected molecular, morphological, and ecological diversity in the Leaf-Toed Gecko Phyllodactylus reissii Peters, 1862 (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) from northern Peru

FIGURE 4. N-dimensional hypervolumes representing the climatic niches of the delimited species in the Phyllodactylus reissii group. Circles mark centroids and outlines are the 90% confidence interval of the hypervolumes (note that these only approximate the actual hypervolumes and are only used for a more clear illustration).

FIGURE 12 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 12. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype of Phyllodactylus kropotkini sp. nov. (MZFC 28736). The black bars represent the scale (10 mm).

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 10. Phyllodactylus benedettii sp. nov. from the type locality (Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco) in life (Photo by Israel Solano Zavaleta).

FIGURE 11 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 11. Deciduos tropical forests from the type locality (Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco) habitat of Phyllodactylus benedettii sp. nov. (Photos by Tonatiuh Ramírez Reyes).

FIGURE 13 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 13. Residuals of Tropical dry Forest at the type locality (Nueva Filadelfia, Tlapehuala, Guerrero) habitat of Phyllodactylus kropotkini sp. nov. (Photo by Tonatiuh Ramírez Reyes).

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 8. Scatter plot of 19 bioclimatic variables to four species: P. lanei (green, group 1), P. rupinus (orange, group 2), P. benedettii (Black, group 3) and P. kropotkini (Red dot, group 4). The first two components are shown with the percentage of variance on the axes.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 9. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype of Phyllodactylus benedettii sp. nov. (MZFC 28774). The black bars represent the scale (10 mm).

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 6. Box plot of SVL for six species of Phyllodactylus, on the horizontal axis: P. isabelae (1), P. lupitae (2), P. lanei (3), P. rupinus (4), P. benedettii (5), P. kropotkini (6), the vertical axis indicates the length in mm. The medians are indicated by horizontal lines inside the boxes, the black dots indicate outliers.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 7. Scatter plot of 11 morphometric variables for six species of the P. lanei complex: P. benedettii (black, group 1), P. kropotkini (aqua blue, group 2), P. rupinus (brown, group 3), P. lanei (blue, group 4), P. lupitae (red, group 5), P. isabelae (green, group 6). The first two components are shown with the percentage of variance on the axes.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 3. Trees obtained with the multispecies coalescent model with *BEAST: species tree obtained with total dataset (DNAnu + DNAmt; left) and mitochondrial gene tree (right). The values on the branches indicate the posterior probability, the values in parentheses indicate the probability of speciation recovered from analysis A10 implemented in BP&P.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 5. Scatter plot of 14 meristic variables for 9 species of the P. tuberculosus group: P. isabelae (Blue aqua, group 1), P. lupitae (Brown, group 2), P. lanei (Blue, group 3), P. rupinus (Green, group 4), P. benedettii (Black, group 5), P. kropotkini (Darkgolden, group 6), P. t. magnus (Fuchsia, group 7), P. muralis (Yellow, group 8), P. tuberculosus (Yellow-green, group 9). The first two components are shown with the percentage of variance shown in the axes.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 2. Concatenated genes tree (DNAnu + DNAmt; left) and mitochondrial concatenated gene tree (right) for the P. lanei complex. Phyllodactylus bordai, P. tuberculosus and Homonota fasciata represent the outgroups. Black circles represent branch support values (posterior probability> 95% and bootstrap> 70%). The clades are colored according to their geographical distribution on the distribution map (Fig. 1).

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 4. Values of Bayesian species validation analysis (analysis A10) of the multispecies coalescent model for seven candidate species of the P. lanei complex. The colors of each bar represent the four models analyzed (I–IV), the highest probabilities correspond to the models that incorporated small effective population sizes as priors in the Bayesian analysis, models I (small effective population size and shallow divergences) and II (small effective population size and deep divergences). Note the low probability values recovered to models III (large effective population size and shallow divergences) and IV (large effective population size and deep divergences).

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic changes and description of two new species for the Phyllodactylus lanei complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) in Mexico

FIGURE 1. Map of geographical distribution of the species of the P. lanei complex. The colored circles represent populations of each species of the P. lanei complex and are congruent with the species tree (see results): P. lanei (violet), P. kropotkini sp. nov. (blue), P. rupinus (green), P. benedettii sp. nov. (orange), P. isabelae (red), P. lupitae (yellow). Phyllodactylus sp. a genetically distinct undescribed population, is shown in dark brown. Localities from museum specimens and tissue from collections not shown.