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Fig. 5 in A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea

Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood tree based on SSU RNA gene sequences, showing the position of Dysteria nabia nov. spec (bold font). Numbers at the nodes represent the Bayesian posterior probability value and the bootstrap values from maximum likelihood. Solid circles represent full support in both algorithms.

Figs 4A–O in A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea

Figs 4A–O. Morphology and infraciliature of Dysteria nabia nov. spec. and closely related Dysteria species. A, B – D. nabia nov. spec. from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B); C–D – D. ovalis (Gourret and Roeser, 1886) Kahl, 1931 (C, from Fauré-Fremiet 1965; D, from Kahl 1931); E–F – D. pectinata (Nowlin, 1913) Kahl, 1931 (from Gong et al. 2007); G–H – D. procera Kahl, 1931 (from Gong and Song 2003); I–J – D. proraefrons Clark, 1865 (from Pan et al. 2011); K – D. angustata (Claparede & Lachmann, 1858) (from Kahl 1931); L – D. meridionalis Dragesco, 1965 (from Dragesco 1966); M – D. astyla (Maskell, 1877) (from Kahl 1931); N – D. reesi Kahl, 1931 (from Kahl 1931); O – D. sulcata Claparede & Lachmann, 1858 (from Kahl 1931). Scale bars: 40 μm (A–B, I–J), 30 μm (E), 50 μm (G, L).

Figs 2A–I in A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea

Figs 2A–I. Photomicrographs of living specimens of Dysteria nabia nov. spec. A, B – left lateral view of two typical individuals, arrows in (A) and (B) indicate the cytopharyngeal rod and podite, respectively, arrowheads indicate the groove on the left plate; C – left lateral view of an elongate specimen, arrow indicates the equatorial transverse stripe and arrowhead the groove on the left plate; D – left side view, arrow indicates the equatorial transverse stripe and arrowhead the complex teeth; E – left side view, arrow indicates the contractile vacuole pore and arrowhead the glandule; F – right kineties of the posterior portion, arrowheads indicate the innermost right kinety; G – left side view, arrow indicates the contractile vacuole pore and arrowhead the left kineties; H–I – left side view, arrowheads in (H) and (I) indicate the contractile vacuole pore and protuberances on the margins of the right kineties, respectively. Ma – macronucleus. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figs 1A–F in A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea

Figs 1A–F. Morphology of Dysteria nabia nov. spec. from life (A, B), after protargol (C–E), and silver nitrate impregnation (F). The hapantotype (A–E) and paratype (F) specimens were investigated. A, B – left side view of two individuals with differing body size and shape; C, D – left side view showing the infraciliature, arrowheads indicate the kinetosome-like granules at the base of the podite; E – left side view of late-stage divider, showing the anlagen for the left kineties (arrows), the contractile vacuole pores (arrowheads), and the anlagen for terminal fragments in the opisthe (double-headed arrow); F – left side view showing the silverline system, arrowhead indicates the equatorial transverse stripe. Co – circumoral kineties, CVP – contractile vacuole pore, EF – equatorial fragment, Lf – left frontal kineties, LK – left kineties, Ma – macronucleus, P – podite, Pr – preoral kineties, RK – right kineties, TF – terminal fragment. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Fig. 4 in Morphological, Developmental, and Ecological Characteristics of the Suctorian Ciliate Ephelota gigantea (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Ephelotidae) Found on Cultured Wakame Seaweed in Northeastern Japan

Fig. 4. Morphometric characteristics of Ephelota gigantea collected from cultured wakame in the coastal area of Fudai in 2010 (n = 100). Vertical bars represent ± 1 SD. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences for each body part measured.

Figs 3a–d in Morphological, Developmental, and Ecological Characteristics of the Suctorian Ciliate Ephelota gigantea (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Ephelotidae) Found on Cultured Wakame Seaweed in Northeastern Japan

Figs 3a–d. Temporal change in biological characteristics of Ephelota gigantea. a – attached density. Vertical bars represent ± 1 SE; b – percentage of cells infected by the parasite; c – percentage of budding cells; d – seasonal change of surface water temperature in the coastal area of Noda, Iwate Prefecture from late March to late June, 2010.

Fig. 7 in Morphological, Developmental, and Ecological Characteristics of the Suctorian Ciliate Ephelota gigantea (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Ephelotidae) Found on Cultured Wakame Seaweed in Northeastern Japan

Fig. 7. Relationship between body width and body length of all individuals of Ephelota gigantea measured on formalin-preserved samples at each sampling

Fig. 5 in Morphological, Developmental, and Ecological Characteristics of the Suctorian Ciliate Ephelota gigantea (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Ephelotidae) Found on Cultured Wakame Seaweed in Northeastern Japan

Fig. 5. Histograms of stalk length, body length, and body width of Ephelota gigantea preserved in formalin.

Fig. 1 in Morphological, Developmental, and Ecological Characteristics of the Suctorian Ciliate Ephelota gigantea (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Ephelotidae) Found on Cultured Wakame Seaweed in Northeastern Japan

Fig. 1. Map showing the northeastern part of Japan. Places where wakame samples (●) and krill sample (Ì) were collected are also shown.

Figs 2a–f in Morphological, Developmental, and Ecological Characteristics of the Suctorian Ciliate Ephelota gigantea (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Ephelotidae) Found on Cultured Wakame Seaweed in Northeastern Japan

Figs 2a–f. Scanning electron micrographs (a–e) and measured body parts (f) of Ephelota gigantea. a – upper part of the stalk. Only cross striation near the cell body while longitudinal and cross striations below arrows; b – lower part of the stalk with only longitudinal striation; c – swelled part where E. gigantea is attached to wakame (arrow); d – E. gigantea with two buds (arrows); e – ventral side of a bud. Scopula (arrow) is visible; f – measured part of E. gigantea cell. db – debri, BL – body length, BW – body width, SL – stalk length.

Figs 43–52. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 43 in Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

Figs 43–52. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 43 – ventral view of ciliary pattern, nuclear and oral apparatus of a neotype specimen; 44 – ventral view of ciliary pattern and oral apparatus of a mirror-image cell; 45 – dorsal view of double pharyngeal tube of the monster shown in (44); 46 – lateral view of oral apparatus. The nematodesmal rods are straight for most of their length, but curve toward the oral opening at distal end (arrowhead); 47, 48, 52 – shape variability of macronucleus. Most specimens have an ellipsoidal macronucleus (47), while some display a curved (48) or a clavate (52) macronucleus; 49 – ventral view of anterior body portion showing oral apparatus and synhymenium; 50 – synhymenium extends obliquely interrupting most of the ciliary rows. It is composed of narrowly spaced dikinetids, except for the posterior tail, where they are spaced comparatively loosely (arrowheads); 51 – ventrolateral view of a specimen having some breaks in synhymenium (asterisks). CA – capitulum, D – ingested diatom, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, OA – oral apparatus, OO – oral opening, NE – nematodesmal rods, PT – pharyngeal tube, SK – somatic kineties, SY – synhymenium. Scale bars: 20 µm (47, 48, 50–52), 30 µm (44–46, 49), and 50 µm (43).

Figs 31–32. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens from life. All specimens are from a field sample processed within 24 in Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

Figs 31–32. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens from life. All specimens are from a field sample processed within 24 hours of collection. 31 – ventral view of a representative neotype cell with an ingested diatom; 32 – variability of body shape and size. Note that the largest specimen (arrow) is almost twice the size of the smaller ones (arrowheads). D – diatoms, OA – oral apparatus, PB – pharyngeal basket. Scale bars: 50 µm (31) and 100 µm (32).

Figs 23–30. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 23, 25 in Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

Figs 23–30. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 23, 25 – ventral view of ciliary pattern and oral apparatus of normal specimens; 24 – ventral view of ciliary pattern and oral apparatus of an abnormal specimen having a double cytostome and cyrtos; 26 – dorsal view of ciliary pattern showing synhymenium extending onto dorsal side; 27 – ventral view of the monster whose anterior body portion is shown in (24); 28 – ventrolateral view of a specimen having some breaks in synhymenium (asterisks); 29, 30 – ventral and dorsal views of ciliary pattern in posterior body portion showing that somatic kineties extend meridionally, i.e. do not form a suture or spica. Arrowheads denote slit-like cytopyge. CY – cytopyge, D – diatoms, MA – macronucleus, OA – oral apparatus, PB – pharyngeal basket, SK – somatic kineties, SY – synhymenium. Scale bars: 20 µm (28), 30 µm (23–26, 29, 30), and 50 µm (27).

Figs 33–42. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 33 in Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

Figs 33–42. Zosterodasys transversus, neotype specimens after protargol impregnation. 33 – ventral view of ciliary pattern, nuclear and oral apparatus of a main neotype specimen; 34, 39, 40 – frontal (34) and lateral (39, 40) views of oral apparatus which consists of a central deeply impregnated pharyngeal tube and nematodesmal rods arranged in a ring. The nematodesmata are straight for most of their length but curve toward the oral opening at their distal end, where they are capped by a capitulum. Arrowheads (39, 40) note the site where the cytopharyngeal tube radiates fibres towards the nematodesmata; 35 – dorsal view of ciliary pattern showing synhymenium extending onto dorsal side (opposed arrowheads); 36 – surface view showing a fibre bundle extending in parallel and right of the somatic kineties; 37, 38 – dorsal and ventral views of ciliary pattern in posterior body portion. The somatic kineties extend meridionally, i.e. do not form a suture. Arrowheads in (37) denote the slit-like cytopyge. 41, 42 – lenticular and globular macronucleus. CA – capitulum, CV – contractile vacuole, CY – cytopyge, MA – macronucleus, OO – oral opening, NE – nematodesmal rods, PT – pharyngeal tube, SK – somatic kineties, SY – synhymenium. Scale bars: 10 µm (34), 20 µm (39–42), 30 µm (35–38), and 50 µm (33).

Figs 53–67 in Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

Figs 53–67. Zosterodasys transversus and its supposed synonyms from life (53–64), after protargol impregnation (65, 67), and after methyl green-pyronin stain (66). After Kahl 1928 (53), 1931 (54); Buchar 1957 (55); Buck 1961 (56); Šrámek-Hušek 1957 (57); Drageso 1960 (58–60); and Foissner et al. 1994 (61–67). 53 – C. transversa, length 90–120 µm; 54 – C. vorax, length 180 µm; 55 – C. vorax, length 200 µm; 56 – C. vorax, length 175 µm; 57 – C. vorax, length not given; 58–60 – C. vorax, total dorsal view, length 185 µm (58); frontal view of oral apparatus (59); and lateral view of nematodesmal rods (60); 61–67 – Z. transversa, optical section (61) and surface view (62), showing cortical granulation and vacuolated cytoplasm; the nematodesmal rods are anteriorly curved (63); total ventral view, length 160 µm (64); ventral (65) and dorsal (67) views of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus, length 185 µm; with methyl green-pyronin staining the cells are first covered by a red substance of small plates which later becomes blue and structureless (66). CA – capitulum, CV – contractile vacuoles, D – ingested diatoms, EP – excretory pores, G – cortical granules, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, NE – nematodesmata, PB – pharyngeal basket, SL – slime layer, SK – somatic kineties, SY – synhymenium, V – vacuoles.

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Fig. 6. Heavily infected Ephelota gigantea. Arrow shows a parasite with a stalk and a in Morphological, Developmental, and Ecological Characteristics of the Suctorian Ciliate Ephelota gigantea (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Ephelotidae) Found on Cultured Wakame Seaweed in Northeastern Japan

Fig. 6. Heavily infected Ephelota gigantea. Arrow shows a parasite with a stalk and a tentacle.

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FIGURE 2 in First record of a new epibionts suctorian ciliate Tokophrya huangmeiensis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea) from redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus von Martens 1868

FIGURE 2. Line drawings of T. huangmeiensis sp. n. (a) Body of T. huangmeiensis suspended on stalk. (b) Epistylis sp. as a substrate to Tokophrya sp. Scale bars: a=60 µm, b=1 mm.

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FIGURE 1 in First record of a new epibionts suctorian ciliate Tokophrya huangmeiensis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea) from redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus von Martens 1868

FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of T. huangmeiensis sp. n. found on redclaw crayfish (a) Cherax quadricarinatus collected from suspected fish farm. (b) Epistylis sp. as a substrate to T. huangmeiensis sp. n.; Abbreviations: Ep = Epistylis, Th = T. huangmeiensis sp. n. (c) Elongated pyramidal shaped and corrugated cell body of T. huangmeiensis sp. n., arrowhead showing macronucleus. (d) Apical part of the cell body showing single contractile vacuole. (e) Apical border of the cell body showing fascicle of finger-like tentacles. (f) Indicating basal plate which was concave up-word and gently dipped inside the cell body, under this basal plate transparent stalk is present with longitudinal striations. (g) Showing junction of Epistylis sp. as a substrate to Tokophrya sp., slightly protrude outward. Scale bars: b=100 µm, c=10 µm, d=5 µm, e=5 µm, f=5 µm, g=3 µm.

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FIGURE 3 in First record of a new epibionts suctorian ciliate Tokophrya huangmeiensis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea) from redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus von Martens 1868

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree generated by Bayesian analysis of SSU rDNA sequences of T. huangmeiensis sp. n. and related ciliates. Genbank accession numbers are listed adjacent to species names. Numbers given at nodes of branches are posterior probabilities (BI) and bootstrap values (ML), respectively. Asterisks are shown where values exceeded 95%. Dashes are shown for values under 50%.