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FIGURE 11 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 11. Clarkiella discoveryi Heding, in Heding & Panning, 1954, holotype (ZMUC-HOL 64). (a) specimen in lateral view; (b) top and (c) lateral view of tentacles; (d) anal papillae; (e–f) muscular system and gonads; (g) madreporite and stone canal; (h) photograph of the calcareous ring in outer view showing the insertion of the retractor muscle and (i) photograph of the calcareous ring in outer view showing the midIR (IR5), RIV and RV. Abbreviations: RM, retractor muscle, CM, circular muscle, LM, longitudinal muscle, GO, gonads, PV, Polian vesicle and M, madreporite, SC, stone canal. Plate identity follows the system established by Ludwig (1889–1892).

FIGURE 7 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 7. Selenkiella siamense Heding & Panning, 1954, holotype (ZMUC-HOL 250). Ossicles from body wall (a–b) table in (a) top and (b) bottom view; (c–d) rosettes from introvert; (e) plates and (f) end plate from tube feet.

FIGURE 8 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 8. Thorsonia sp. nov., holotype (ZMUC 324). (a) specimen in dorsal view; (b) retractor muscle (white arrow); (c) tables spikes from tube feet (white arrow); (d) detail from body wall with 4-armed tables; (e) madreporite; (f) photograph of the calcareous ring in outer view showing the RMA attachment; (g) photograph of the calcareous ring in outer view showing during bleach (h) drawing of the calcareous ring showing radial and interradial plates subdivided (i) photograph of the calcareous ring in outer view showing (IR 5) and (j) photograph of the calcareous ring in outer view showing AB. Abbreviations: Middorsal interradial plate (IR5); AB, aquapharyngeal bulb attachment; RMA, retractor muscle attachment. R, radial plate; IR interradial plate. Plate identity follows the system established by Ludwig (1889–1892).

FIGURE 6 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 6. Selenkiella siamense Heding & Panning, 1954, paratype (ZMUC-HOL 251). μCT volume rendering of calcareous ring (a–c) outer view, (d) oblique view, (e) inner view, (f) transverse cross-section at the top region. Unlabeled arrows in (e) point to groove for water vascular system canals. Abbreviations: AB, aquapharyngeal bulb attachment; IR, interradial plate; LMA, longitudinal muscle attachment; midIR, mid-dorsal interradial plate; midR, mid-ventral radial plate; R, radial plate; RMA, retractor muscle attachment. Plate identity follows the system established by Ludwig (1889–1892).

FIGURE 5 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 5. Selenkiella siamense Heding & Panning, 1954, holotype (ZMUC-HOL 250). (a) specimen in lateral view; (b) top view of tentacles; (c) photograph of the calcareous ring in outer view. Abbreviations: RM, retractor muscle, CM, circular muscle, LM, longitudinal muscle. Plate identity following Ludwig (1889–1892).

FIGURE 9 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 9. Thorsonia sp. nov., holotype (ZMUC 324). Ossicles from body wall (a–f): (a–b) 4 armed tables; (c, d) fusiform rods; (e, f) tables from anal region; (g, h) tables from tentacles and introvert and tube feet table in lower view (i) and lateral view (j).

FIGURE 12 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 12. Clarkiella discoveryi Heding, in Heding & Panning, 1954, holotype (ZMUC-HOL 64). Ossicles from body wall (a–b) table in (a) top and (b) bottom view; (c–d) plates from tentacle; (e–f) rosettes from introvert.

FIGURE 4 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 4. Phyllophorella robusta (Heding & Panning, 1954) (ZMUC-HOL 249). Ossicles from body wall (a–b) table in (a) top and (b) bottom view; (c) rosettes from introvert; (d–e) rods from tentacles; (f–h) plates and (i) end plate from tube feet.

FIGURE 1 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 1. The dotted lines indicate how the measurements of the different types of ossicles were taken.

FIGURE 2 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 2. Phyllophorella robusta (Heding & Panning, 1954), holotype (ZMUC-HOL 249). (a) specimen in lateral view; (b) muscular system and gonads; (c) Polian vesicle and madreporite and (d) photograph of the calcareous ring in outer view. Abbreviations: RM, retractor muscle, CM, circular muscle, LM, longitudinal muscle, GO, gonads, PV, Polian vesicle and M, madreporite.

FIGURE 3 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 3. Phyllophorella robusta (Heding & Panning, 1954), holotype (ZMUC-HOL 249). μCT volume rendering of calcareous ring (a–c) outer view, (d) oblique view, (e) inner view, (f) transverse cross-section at the top region. Unlabeled arrows in (e) point to groove for water vascular system canals. Abbreviations: AB, aquapharyngeal bulb attachment; IR, interradial plate; LMA, longitudinal muscle attachment; midIR, mid-dorsal interradial plate; midR, mid-ventral radial plate; R, radial plate; RMA, retractor muscle attachment. Plate identity follows the system established by Ludwig (1889–1892).

FIGURE 10 in Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)

FIGURE 10. Cladolella virgo Heding & Panning, 1954, (ZMUC-HOL 256). (a) specimen in dorsal view; (b) muscular system; (c) photograph of the calcareous ring in lateral view; (d) drawing of the calcareous ring (extracted from Heding & Panning, 1954 and (e) rods from body wall. Abbreviations: PV, Polian vesicle; AP, anterior projection.

FIGURE 1 in The genus Phyllophorella (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta) on the central coast of Peru, range extensions and anatomical description of the female gametophyte and carposporophyte

FIGURE 1. Map of the central coast of Peru showing the collection localities and the type localities (Callao and Barranco) of the Phyllophorella species.

FIGURES 26–31 in The genus Phyllophorella (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta) on the central coast of Peru, range extensions and anatomical description of the female gametophyte and carposporophyte

FIGURES 26–31. Phyllophorella humboldtiana, pre- and post-fertilization processes. Longitudinal sections of female gametophytic

FIGURES 4–8 in The genus Phyllophorella (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta) on the central coast of Peru, range extensions and anatomical description of the female gametophyte and carposporophyte

FIGURES 4–8. Habit of tetrasporophytic specimens of Phyllophorella peruviana from the central coast of Peru. 4. 05-001465-2 (Ancón). 5. 05-000510 (Paracas). 6. NAM-221(a) (Pucusana). 7. 05-001784(a) (Marcona). 8. 05-001543-1 (Paracas). Bar = 5 cm.

FIGURES 32–37 in The genus Phyllophorella (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta) on the central coast of Peru, range extensions and anatomical description of the female gametophyte and carposporophyte

FIGURES 32–37. Phyllophorella humboldtiana, post-fertilization processes. Longitudinal sections of female gametophytic individuals (Marcona, 05-000725(a) and 05-000718(a)). 32. Gonimoblastic filaments (g) approaching transformed medullary cells. 33. Transformed medullary cells generating gonimoblastic filaments. 34. Gonimoblastic filaments covering part of the cystocarp. 35. Carposporangia among star-shaped medullary cells inside an immature cystocarp. 36. Mature cystocarp with groups of carpospores. 37. Detail of a mature cystocarp, showing star-shaped cells and carpospores. Bar = 50 μm (Figs 32, 33, 37) and Bar = 100 μm (Figs. 34–36).

FIGURE 3 in The genus Phyllophorella (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta) on the central coast of Peru, range extensions and anatomical description of the female gametophyte and carposporophyte

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree inferred in RAxML from the analysis of COI sequences from Phyllophorella species and other sequences from the family Phyllophoraceae, including Phyllophora crispa (type). The numbers indicate bootstrap values ML (≥50) over the branches and PP (≥0.5) below the branches. * signals total support, ♀ represents female gametophyte.

FIGURE 2 in The genus Phyllophorella (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta) on the central coast of Peru, range extensions and anatomical description of the female gametophyte and carposporophyte

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree inferred in RAxML from the analysis of rbcL sequences from Phyllophorella species and other sequences from the family Phyllophoraceae, including Phyllophora crispa (type). The numbers indicate bootstrap values ML (≥50) over the branches and PP (≥0.5) below the branches. * signals total support, ♀ represents female gametophyte.

FIGURES 14–25 in The genus Phyllophorella (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta) on the central coast of Peru, range extensions and anatomical description of the female gametophyte and carposporophyte

FIGURES 14–25. Comparison of habit and asexual reproductive structures (tetrasporangia) of Phyllophorella peruviana and P. humboldtiana from the central coast of Peru. 14/20. Habit of tetrasporophyte of P. peruviana, 05-001784(a)/Habit of tetrasporophyte of P. humboldtiana, 05-000327 (Bar = 5 cm). 15/21. Extended circular sori along the frond/Extended irregular sori along the frond (Bar = 5 mm). 16/22. Closeup showing defined protuberant nemathecial sori/Irregular protuberant sori (Bar = 1 mm). 17/23. Cross sections of a circular sorus/Continuous sori (Barra = 100 μm). 18/24. Cross sections showing chains of tetrasporangia (Barra = 100 μm). 19/25. Cross sections showing chains of tetraspores (Barra = 20 μm).

FIGURES 9–13 in The genus Phyllophorella (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta) on the central coast of Peru, range extensions and anatomical description of the female gametophyte and carposporophyte

FIGURES 9–13. Habit of tetrasporophytic and female gametophytic specimens of Phyllophorella humboldtiana from the central coast of Peru. 9. 05-000725(a) (Marcona, female gametophyte) with cystocarps (arrow). 10. 05-001378-1 (Marcona, female gametophyte) with cystocarps (arrow). 11. Closeup from previous figure showing cystocarps over the frond surface. 12. 05-000887 (Ancón, tetrasporophyte). 13. 05-001332(a) (Callao, tetrasporophyte). Bar = 5 cm (Figs 9, 10, 12, 13) and Bar = 5 mm (Fig. 11).