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Data from: Microevolutionary selection dynamics acting on immune genes of the green veined white butterfly, Pieris napi
Insects rely on their innate immune system to successfully mediate complex interactions with their microbiota, as well as the microbes present in the environment. Previous work has shown that components of the canonical immune gene repertoire evolve rapidly and have evolutionary characteristics originating from interactions with fast-evolving microorganisms. Although these interactions are likely to vary among populations, there is a poor understanding of the microevolutionary dynamics of immune genes, especially in non-Dipteran insects. Here we use the full set of canonical insect immune genes to investigate microevolutionary dynamics acting on these genes between and among populations by comparing three allopatric populations of the Green Veined White butterfly, Pieris napi (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Immune genes showed increased genetic diversity compared to genes from the rest of the genome and various functional categories exhibited different types of signatures of selection, at different evolutionary scales, presenting a complex pattern of selection dynamics. Signatures of balancing selection were identified in 10 genes, and 17 genes appear to be under positive selection. Genes involved with the cellular arm of the immune response as well as the Toll pathway appear to be enriched among our outlier loci, regardless of functional category. This suggests that the targets of selection might focus upon an entire pathway, more than on functional subsets across pathways. Our microevolutionary results are similar to previously observed macroevolutionary patterns from diverse taxa, suggesting that either the immune system is robust to dramatic differences in life history and microbial communities, or that diverse microbes exert similar selection pressures.
Pieris napi (Green-veined White)
Specimen: Pieris napi (Green-veined White) Object ID: BU49 Photogrammetry scan from The Watt Institution's Lepidoptera collection Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Pieris napi microRNA mirDeep2 output pdfs
<p>miRDeep2 pdf outputs for diapausing <em>Pieris napi.</em></p> <p>Code used for miRNA identification and mapping (miRNA_identification_code.txt)</p> <p>Code for identification of nearest feature to miRNAs (closest_featuress_code.txt)</p> <p>Code for identifying differentially expressed genes and clustering (clustering.R)</p> <p>Code for cluster gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA_diapause_all.R)</p> <p>Code for ideification of differentially expressed genes in diapause termination (DEG_specific_comps.R)</p> <p> </p> <p>From the paper "A time course analysis through diapause reveals dynamic temporal patterns of microRNAs associated with endocrine regulation in the butterfly <em>Pieris napi</em>"</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Microevolutionary selection dynamics acting on immune genes of the green veined white butterfly, Pieris napi
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Data from: Metabolome dynamics of diapause in the butterfly Pieris napi: distinguishing maintenance, termination and post-diapause phases
Diapause is a deep resting stage facilitating temporal avoidance of unfavourable environmental conditions that is used by many insects to adapt their life cycle to seasonal variation. Although considerable work has been invested in trying to understand each of the major diapause stages (induction, maintenance and termination), we know very little about the transitions between stages, especially diapause termination. Understanding diapause termination is critical for modelling and predicting spring emergence and winter physiology of insects, including many pest insects. In order to gain these insights we investigated metabolome dynamics across diapause development in pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi, which exhibits adaptive latitudinal variation in the length of endogenous diapause that is uniquely well characterized. By employing a time-series experiment we show that the whole-body metabolome is highly dynamic throughout diapause and differs between pupae kept at a diapause-terminating (low), or at a diapause-maintaining (high) temperature. We show major physiological transitions through diapause, separated temperature-dependent from temperature-independent processes and identified significant patterns of metabolite accumulation and degradation. Together the data show that while the general diapause phenotype (suppressed metabolism, increased cold tolerance) is established in a temperature-independent fashion, diapause termination is temperature-dependent and requires a cold signal. This revealed several metabolites that are only accumulated in diapause terminating conditions and degraded in a temperature-unrelated fashion during diapause termination. In conclusion, our findings indicate that some metabolites, in addition to functioning as e.g. cryoprotectants, are candidates for having regulatory roles as metabolic clocks or time-keepers during diapause.
FIGURES 84–85 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 84–85. Female genitalia of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya; a. whole genitalia, b. ventral view, c. dorsal view, d. inner genital plate in lateral view, e. signum. 84. Pieris ajaka Moore, Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand (gen. aest.) (28716/H9); 85. Pieris melaina Röber, Sikhim [Sikkim] (gen. aest.). Scale bar: a. 1 mm; b, c & e. 500 µm; d. 200 µm.
FIGURES 65–73 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 65–73: Phallus of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya in lateral view. 65. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov. GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28709/H9); 66–67. ditto, GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28706/H9, 28707/H9); 68. Pieris ajaka Moore, Askot, Uttarakhand (gen. aest.) (28715/H9); 69. Pieris melaina Röber, Sikhim [Sikkim] (gen. aest.); 70. Pieris erutae erutae Poujade, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28720/H9); 71. ditto, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28721/H9); 72. ditto, Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28717/H9); 73. Pieris extensa bhutya Talbot, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28725/H9). Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 58–64 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 58–64. Juxta of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya; dorsal view above, lateral view below. 58. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov. GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28707/H9); 59. ditto, GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28706/H9); 60. Pieris ajaka Moore, Askot, Uttarakhand (gen. aest.) (28715/H9); 61. Pieris melaina Röber, Sikhim [Sikkim] (gen. aest.); 62. Pieris erutae erutae Poujade, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28720/H9); 63. ditto, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28721/H9); 64. Pieris extensa bhutya Talbot, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28723/H9). Scale bar: 200 µm.
FIGURES 31–39 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 31–39. Male genitalia of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya in lateral view. 31. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov. GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28709/H9); 32–33. ditto, GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28706/H9, 28707/H9); 34. Pieris ajaka Moore, Askot, Uttarakhand (gen. aest.) (28715/H9); 35. Pieris melaina Röber, Sikhim [Sikkim] (gen. aest.); 36. Pieris erutae erutae Poujade, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28720/H9); 37. ditto, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28721/H9); 38. ditto, Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28717/H9); 39. Pieris extensa bhutya Talbot, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28725/H9). Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 17–21 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 17–21. Head of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya; lateral view above, front view below. 17. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov., GHNP, Himachal Pradesh; 18. Pieris ajaka Moore, Askot, Uttarakhand; 19. Pieris melaina Röber, Sikhim [Sikkim]; 20. Pieris erutae erutae Poujade, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh; 21. Pieris extensa bhutya Talbot, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 1–6 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 1–6. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov. from NW Himalaya. 1. ♂, Holotype, dorsal view, GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28704/H9); 2. ditto, ventral view; 3. ♂, Paratype, dorsal view, GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28706/H9); 4. ditto, ventral view; 5. ♀, Paratype, dorsal view, GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28708/H9); 6. ditto, ventral view. Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIGURES 7–16. Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya. 7 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 7–16. Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya. 7. Pieris ajaka Moore, ♂, dorsal & ventral view, Askot, Uttarakhand (gen. aest.) (28715/H9); 8. ditto, ♀, Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand (gen. aest.) (28716/H9); 9. Pieris melaina Röber, ♂, dorsal & ven- tral view, Sikhim [Sikkim] (gen. aest.); 10. ditto, ♀, Sikhim [Sikkim] (gen. aest.); 11. Pieris erutae erutae Poujade, ♂, dorsal & ventral view, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28720/H9); 12. ditto, ♂, Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28717/H9); 13. ditto, ♂, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28721/H9); 14. ditto, ♀, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28722/H9); 15. Pieris extensa bhutya Talbot, ♂, dorsal & ventral view, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28725/H9); 16. ditto, ♀, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28724/H9). Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIGURES 28–30 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 28–30. Forewing venation of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya; ventral view above, dorsal view below. 28. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov., GHNP, Himachal Pradesh; 29. Pieris ajaka Moore, Askot, Uttarakhand; 30. Pieris melaina Röber, Sikhim [Sikkim].
FIGURES 49–57 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 49–57. Male genitalia (tegumen and uncus) of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya in dorsal view. 49. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov. GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28709/H9); 50–51. ditto, GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28706/H9, 28707/H9); 52. Pieris ajaka Moore, Askot, Uttarakhand (gen. aest.) (28715/H9); 53. Pieris melaina Röber, Sikhim [Sikkim] (gen. aest.); 54. Pieris erutae erutae Poujade, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28720/H9); 55. ditto, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28721/H9); 56. ditto, Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28717/H9); 57. Pieris extensa bhutya Talbot, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28725/H9). Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 22–27 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 22–27. Antennae club of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya; dorsal view left, ventral view right. 22. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov., GHNP, Himachal Pradesh; 23. Pieris ajaka Moore, Askot, Uttarakhand; 24. Pieris melaina Röber, Sikhim [Sikkim]; 25. Pieris erutae erutae Poujade, Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh; 26. ditto, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh; 27. Pieris extensa bhutya Talbot, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh. Scale bar: 500 µm.
FIGURES 40–48 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 40–48. Valva of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya in lateral view. 40. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov. GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28709/H9); 41–42. ditto, GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28706/H9, 28707/H9); 43. Pieris ajaka Moore, Askot, Uttarakhand (gen. aest.) (28715/H9); 44. Pieris melaina Röber, Sikhim [Sikkim] (gen. aest.); 45. Pieris erutae erutae Poujade, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28720/H9); 46. ditto, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28721/H9); 47. ditto, Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28717/H9); 48. Pieris extensa bhutya Talbot, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28725/H9). Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 82–83 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 82–83. Female genitalia of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya; a. whole genitalia, b. ventral view, c. dorsal view, d. inner genital plate in lateral view, e. signum. 82. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov. GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28708/H9); 83. ditto, GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28710/H9). Scale bar: a. 1 mm; b, c & e. 500 µm; d. 200 µm.
FIGURES 86–87 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 86–87. Female genitalia of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya; a. whole genitalia, b. ventral view, c. dorsal view, d. inner genital plate in lateral view, e. signum. 86. Pieris erutae erutae Poujade, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28722/H9); 87. Pieris extensa bhutya Talbot, 1939, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28724/H9). Scale bar: a. 1 mm; b, c & e. 500 µm; d. 200 µm.
FIGURES 74–81 in A new species of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) with taxonomic notes on the Pieris napi group from India
FIGURES 74–81. Androconia of Pieris napi-group from Indian Himalaya. 74. Pieris tadokoroi, sp. nov. GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28709/H9); 75. ditto, GHNP, Himachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28706/H9); 76. Pieris ajaka Moore, Askot, Uttarakhand (gen. aest.) (28715/H9); 77. Pieris melaina Röber, Sikhim [Sikkim] (gen. aest.); 78. Pieris erutae erutae Poujade, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28720/H9); 79. ditto, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28721/ H9); 80. ditto, Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. aest.) (28717/H9); 81. Pieris extensa bhutya Talbot, 1939, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (gen. vern.) (28725/H9). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Data from: Metabolome dynamics of diapause in the butterfly Pieris napi: distinguishing maintenance, termination and post-diapause phases
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