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Fig. 5 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 5. Hind wing shape variation (CV1: 50.41%; CV2: 15.49%). The colored circles in the image above represent the average discrete point center of populations; the number is the population ID. Thin-plate spline analysis results are shown by colored grid, which represents wing shape deformation. The numbers on the grid are landmarks of wings. Blue color denotes contraction between landmarks, and red color indicates expansion between landmarks. The North group and South group correspond to the boundary of Qinling Mountains as the boundary between northern and southern China.

Fig. 4 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 4. Forewing shape variation (CV1: 46.68%; CV2: 14.88%). The colored circles in the image above represent the average discrete point centers of populations; the number is the population ID. Thin-plate spline analysis results are shown by colored grid, which represents wing shape deformation. The numbers on the grid are landmarks of wings. Blue colored notes contraction between landmarks, and red color indicates expansion between landmarks. The North group and South group correspond to the boundary of Qinling Mountains as the boundary between northern and southern China.

Fig. 1 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 1. Distribution map of the P. rapae populations studied and the integrated physical regionalization (diverse environments) in the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions. Note: The numbers represent the IDs of the populations; the circles and groups represent the populations divided by the cluster analysis from Fig. 6.

Fig. 3 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 3. Boxplot of P. rapae centroid size (CS) with the mean, standard error, and standard deviation illustrating variations in wing size across geographical populations.

Fig. 6 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 6. UPGMA tree of P. rapae forewing and hind wing among different populations, based on Euclidian distances between mean wing shapes. The cluster numbers are population IDs (see Table 1).The groups are divided by Euclidian distances, i.e., the forewing divided by a linkage distance at 0.0027 and the hind wing by a linkage distance at 0.0038.

opencc-zeroJul 2020View details →

Spectral data and R modeling code from: Polarized light sensitivity in Pieris rapae is dependent on both color and intensity

This dataset provides supplementary spectral data and the R code underlying the spectral sensitivy moding of female Pieris rapae photoreceptors used in the manuscript "Polarized light sensitivity in Pieris rapae is dependent on both color and intensity".

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Local thermal environment and warming influence supercooling and drive widespread shifts in the metabolome of diapausing Pieris rapae butterflies

Global climate change has the potential to negatively impact biological systems as organisms are exposed to novel temperature regimes. Increases in annual mean temperature have been accompanied by disproportionate rates of change in temperature across seasons, and winter is the season warming most rapidly. Yet, we know relatively little about how warming will alter the physiology of overwintering organisms. Here, we simulated future warming conditions by comparing diapausing Pieris rapae butterfly pupae collected from disparate thermal environments and by exposing P. rapae pupae to acute and chronic increases in temperature. First, we compared internal freezing temperatures (supercooling points) of diapausing pupae that were developed in common-garden conditions but whose parents were collected from northern Vermont, USA, or North Carolina, USA. Matching the warmer winter climate of North Carolina, North Carolina pupae had significantly higher supercooling points than Vermont pupae. Next, we measured the effects of acute and chronic warming exposure in Vermont pupae and found that warming induced higher supercooling points. We further characterized the effects of chronic warming by profiling the metabolomes of Vermont pupae via untargeted LC-MS metabolomics. Warming caused significant changes in abundance of hundreds of metabolites across the metabolome. Notably, there were warming-induced shifts in key biochemical pathways, such as pyruvate metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, and β-alanine metabolism, suggesting shifts in energy metabolism and cryoprotection. These results suggest that warming affects various aspects of overwintering physiology in P. rapae and may be detrimental depending on the frequency and variation of winter warming events. Further research is needed to ascertain the extent to which the effects of warming are felt among a broader set of populations of P. rapae, and among other species, in order to better predict how insects may respond to changes in winter thermal environments.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Historical data for feeding, growth and life history in Pieris rapae

These datasets provide the original data for a series of laboratory and field studies, and associated research publications, with Pieris rapae from multiple populations in North America, between 2000 and 2013. These studies focus on thermal sensitivity of feeding, growth and life history traits in these populations. Details of the study site, methodology, and associated publications for each study are described in the associated document file.

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Fig. 2 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 2. Distribution of landmarks on P. rapae forewing and hind wing.

publicSep 2020View details →

Spectral data and R modeling code from: Polarized light sensitivity in Pieris rapae is dependent on both color and intensity

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publicJun 2024View details →

Historical data for feeding, growth and life history in Pieris rapae

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publicNov 2021View details →

Local thermal environment and warming influence supercooling and drive widespread shifts in the metabolome of diapausing Pieris rapae butterflies

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opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Morphological clines and weak drift along an urbanization gradient in the butterfly, Pieris rapae

Urban areas are increasing globally, providing opportunities for biodiversity researchers to study the process in which species become established in novel, highly disturbed habitats. This ecological process can be understood through analyses of morphological and genetic variation, which can shed light on patterns of neutral and adaptive evolution. Previous studies have shown that urban populations often diverge genetically from non-urban source populations. This could occur due to neutral genetic drift, but an alternative is that selection could lead to allele frequency changes in urban populations. The development of genome scan methods provides an opportunity to investigate these outcomes from samples of genetic variation taken along an urbanization gradient. Here we examine morphological variation in wing size and diversity at neutral amplified fragment length polymorphisms in the butterfly Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) sampled from the center to the periphery of Marseille. We utilize established and novel environmental correlation approaches to scan genetic variation for evidence of selection. We find significant morphological differences in urban populations, as well as weak genetic structure and decreased genetic diversity in urban versus non-urban sites. However, environmental correlation tests provide little support for selection in our dataset. Our comparison of different methods and allele frequency clines suggests that loci identified as significant are false positives. Although there is some indication that selection may be acting on wing size in urban butterflies, genetic analyses suggest P. rapae are undergoing neutral drift.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Innate preference hierarchies coupled with adult experience, rather than larval imprinting or transgenerational acclimation, determine host plant use in Pieris rapae

The evolution of host range drives diversification in phytophagous insects, and understanding the female oviposition choices is pivotal for understanding host specialization. One controversial mechanism for female host choice is Hopkins' host selection principle, where females are predicted to increase their preference for the host species they were feeding upon as larvae. A recent hypothesis posits that such larval imprinting is especially adaptive in combination with anticipatory transgenerational acclimation, so that females both allocate and adapt their offspring to their future host. We study the butterfly Pieris rapae, for which previous evidence suggests that females prefer to oviposit on host individuals of similar nitrogen content as the plant they were feeding upon as larvae, and where the offspring show higher performance on the mother's host type. We test the hypothesis that larval experience and anticipatory transgenerational effects influence female host plant acceptance (no-choice) and preference (choice) of two host plant species (Barbarea vulgaris and Berteroa incana) of varying nitrogen content. We then test the offspring performance on these hosts. We found no evidence of larval imprinting affecting female decision-making during oviposition, but that an adult female experience of egg laying in no-choice trials on the less-preferred host Be. incana slightly increased the P. rapae propensity to oviposit on Be. incana in subsequent choice trials. We found no transgenerational effects on female host acceptance or preference, but negative transgenerational effects on larval performance, because the offspring of P. rapae females that had developed on Be. incana as larvae grew slower on both hosts, and especially on Be. incana. Our results suggest that among host-species preferences are guided by hard-wired preference hierarchies linked to species-specific host traits and less affected by larval experience or transgenerational effects, which may be more important for females evaluating different host individuals of the same species.

publicFeb 2019View details →

Data from: Rapid divergence of wing volatile profiles between subspecies of the butterfly Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

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publicNov 2014View details →

Data from: Morphological clines and weak drift along an urbanization gradient in the butterfly, Pieris rapae

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publicNov 2021View details →

Innate preference hierarchies coupled with adult experience, rather than larval imprinting or transgenerational acclimation, determine host plant use in Pieris rapae

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Fig. 7 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 7. Correlations between the geographical distances and the Euclidean distances between the mean values of the forewing shapes (strong positive correlation, P <0.001, r = 0.58) and the hind wing shapes (strong positive correlation, P <0.001, r = 0.78).