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Figure 10 in Comparative Integumentary Morphology in Four Species of Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) from Colombia

Figure 10. Comparison between the dorsal lateral line pattern in the larger and smaller species of the genus (A) P. pipa and (B) P. myersi. Nomenclature as follows: lo.lat. = lower-lateral line; mid. = middle line; mid.lat. = middle lateral line; oc. = occipital; p.o. = posterior ocular. Black dots represent neuromasts.

Figure 9 in Comparative Integumentary Morphology in Four Species of Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) from Colombia

Figure 9. Lateral line arrangement in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral view in the head of P. myersi. Nomenclature as in Fig. 5, man. = mandibular line.

Figure 8 in Comparative Integumentary Morphology in Four Species of Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) from Colombia

Figure 8. Comparison between the lateral line arrangement both in dorsal and ventral view in the head of (A) P.pipa and (B) P.snethlageae. Nomenclature as follows: a.lo. = anterior lower line; ex.man. = external mandibular; hy. = hyomandibular; in.man. = internal mandibular; max. = maxillar lines; na. = nasal lines; o. = orbital lines; p.a. = posterior auditory; p.o. = posterior ocular; t. = temporal line. Black dots represent neuromasts.

Figure 7 in Comparative Integumentary Morphology in Four Species of Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) from Colombia

Figure 7. Frequency distribution histograms of fingertip morphology for (A) Pipa pipa and (B) P. snethlageae grouped based on their SVL (mm). Dark grey bars are individuals with simple lobed fingertips, light grey bars are bifurcated, and grey are tetrafurcated. Adult size is reached between 104.7-105.7 mm for P. pipa and 75 mm for P. snethlageae.

Figure 5 in Comparative Integumentary Morphology in Four Species of Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) from Colombia

Figure 5. Fingertip morphology in P. snethlageae along ontogeny. (A) Simple lobes in 46.80 mm SVL juvenile, scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Bifurcated lobes, adult 90.49 mm SVL, scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Quadrifurcated lobes in 95 mm SVL adult, scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Comparative Integumentary Morphology in Four Species of Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) from Colombia

Figure 1. Neuromasts and tuberculation in the dorsal skin in Pipa, scale bar = 1 mm. (A) Adult P. parva. (B) Adult female of P. parva with tadpoles within the dorsum, black arrows point to neuromasts. (C) Adult P. pipa and (D) Adult P. myersi.

Figure 3 in Comparative Integumentary Morphology in Four Species of Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) from Colombia

Figure 3. Barbels in Pipa pipa marked with an arrow (ventral view). (A) Postmetamorphic with one pair of barbels, scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Adult with two pairs of barbels (one side of the head shown), scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 4 in Comparative Integumentary Morphology in Four Species of Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) from Colombia

Figure 4. Fingertip morphology in P. pipa through ontogeny (Drawing data in parentheses). (A) Simple lobes in 24.10 mm SVL juvenile (16.70 mm SVL Post-metamorphic), scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Bifurcated lobes in 84.71 SVL juvenile (65.68 mm SVL juvenile), scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Quadrifurcated lobes in 119.40 mm SVL adult (122.50 mm SVL adult), scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 2 in Comparative Integumentary Morphology in Four Species of Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) from Colombia

Figure 2. Variability on the morphology of the dermal flap in Pipa pipa (ventral view). (A) Post-metamorphic with wide-flattened flap, scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Adult with bifid flap, scale bar = 2 mm. (C) Adult with simple-cylindrical flap, scale bar = 2 mm. (D) Adult with a reduced flap, scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 5 in Ontogeny as a way to understand morphology of nasal capsule structures in Pipidae, with focus on Pipa arrabali (Lissamphibia: Anura)

Figure 5. Comparative scheme of the anterior region of chondrocrania in dorsal view, identifying the following structures: light pink = quadratoethmoidal process; yellow = quadratoethmoidal ligamentum; blue = ligamentum quadratoethmoidal condrified; orange = processus lateralis trabeculae; green = olfactory nerve. Hymenochirus boettgeri modified from De Sá & Swart (1999), Pelobates fuscus modified from Roček (1981), Pipa arrabali from this study, Pipa carvalhoi modified from Roček (1990), Pipa pipa modified from Roček & Veselý (1989), Rana temporaria modified from De Jongh (1968), Rhinophrynus dorsalis modified from Sokol (1975) and Swart & De Sá (1999), Xenopus laevis modified from Pugener et al. (2003) and Xenopus tropicalis modified from Sokol (1977).

Figure 2 in Ontogeny as a way to understand morphology of nasal capsule structures in Pipidae, with focus on Pipa arrabali (Lissamphibia: Anura)

Figure 2. Drawings of the anterior region of the cleared-and-stained chondrocranium of Pipa arrabali in dorsal view, without some bones (nasal, frontoparietal, maxilla and premaxilla) to facilitate visualization of nasal cartilages. A, 35019-A (SVL: 7.18 mm); B, 35051-A (SVL: 8.21 mm) e C: 14942-B (SVL: 10.50 mm). The structures painted in red represent the bones. The bars correspond to 1 mm.

Figure 4 in Ontogeny as a way to understand morphology of nasal capsule structures in Pipidae, with focus on Pipa arrabali (Lissamphibia: Anura)

Figure 4. Comparative scheme of the anterior region of the chondrocranium of Pipa arrabali in dorsal view, at three different stages, identifying the structures that were inferred a posteriori: light pink = quadratoethmoidal process; yellow = quadratoethmoidal ligamentum; blue = ligamentum quadratoethmoidal condrified; orange = processus lateralis trabeculae; green = olfactory nerve. Circle indicates the structure that corresponds to the pars alaris of the cartilago labialis superior. A, 35027-A (SVL: 3.51 mm—Stage II-2); B, 35055-A (SVL: 3.81 mm— Stage II-3); C, 35000-A (SVL: 5.30 mm—Stage II-4). The bar corresponds to 1 mm.

Figure 3 in Ontogeny as a way to understand morphology of nasal capsule structures in Pipidae, with focus on Pipa arrabali (Lissamphibia: Anura)

Figure 3. Drawings of the anterior region of the cleared-and-stained chondrocranium of Pipa arrabali in lateral view. A, 35027-A (SVL: 3.51 mm); B, 35055-A (SVL: 3.81 mm); C, 35000-A (SVL: 5.30 mm); D, 35045-B (SVL: 5.80 mm); E, 35045-C (SVL: 5.67 mm); F, 35019-A (SVL: 7.18 mm); G, 35051-A (SVL: 8.21 mm); and H, 14942-B (SVL: 10.50 mm). The structures painted in red represent the bones. The bars correspond to 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Ontogeny as a way to understand morphology of nasal capsule structures in Pipidae, with focus on Pipa arrabali (Lissamphibia: Anura)

Figure 1. Drawings of the anterior region of the cleared-and-stained chondrocranium of Pipa arrabali in dorsal view. A, 35027-A (SVL: 3.51 mm); B, 35055-A (SVL: 3.81 mm); C, 35000-A (SVL: 5.30 mm); D, 35045-C (SVL: 5.67 mm). The structures painted in red represent the bones. The bars correspond to 1 mm.

Figure 3 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 3. Karyotypes of (A) Hymenochirus boettgeri (IVB-H-CG17-356, male) with 18 homologous chromosome pairs, and (B) Hymenochirus sp. (IVB-H-Hsp06, female) with 10 pairs of A chromosomes and one B chromosome, arranged from Giemsa-stained chromosomes. Chromosomes were cut from metaphase spreads on the left. Long lines in karyotype arrangements indicate the position of chromosome centromere. Short vertical and horizontal lines correspond to the scale = 10 μm.

Figure 4 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 4. Hymenochirus boettgeri (IVB-H-CG17-356, male), sequential fluorescent chromosome mapping—DAPI, CMA3, C-banding, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) FISH, small nuclear DNA (snDNA) FISH; and non-sequential whole-genome painting on metaphase spread. A, DAPI (black and white, B&W) consistently stains all 36 chromosomes. B, CMA3 banding in green shows nucleolar secondary constriction (NOR locus) on the p arm of chromosome 4 that co-localizes with 28S. C, C-banding (B&W, brighter staining) highlights heterochromatic blocks on telomeric and pericentromeric regions of seven homologous chromosomes (14 arrows). D, FISH with 28S (red) ribosomal probes shows the p arm of chromosome 4. E, FISH with U1 (red) and U2 (green) snDNA probes shows very weak signals. The U1 probe maps to the q arm of chromosome 1, the U2 probe maps to the q arm of chromosome 8. F, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) with Hymenochirus sp. whole-genome painting DNA probe that hybridizes to all 36 chromosomes with different intensity. Arrows show the less intensely painted chromosome pair. Scale bars represent 10 μm.

Figure 6 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 6. Schematic representation of the chromosomal location of the U1 (red) and U2 (green) snDNAs, 5S (dark blue) and 28S (yellow) rDNAs, and C-bands (dark grey) in H. boettgeri (Congo) and Hymenochirus sp. (captive population). The haploid A chromosome set of each species, 18 chromosomes in H. boettgeri and 10 chromosomes in Hymenochirus sp., is arranged in descending order of size. The B chromosome of Hymenochirus sp. is depicted separately from the A chromosomes and is entirely covered in grey, as revealed by C-banding. The 5S rDNA locus was not detected in H. boettgeri and is only depicted in the Hymenochirus sp. karyotype. Mapping of the U1 snDNA locus identified a pericentric inversion or copy number reduction/expansion visible on non-homologous regions of chromosome 1. Created with BioRender.com.

Figure 5 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 5. Hymenochirus sp. (IVB-H-Hsp06, female), sequential fluorescent chromosome mapping (DAPI, CMA3, C-banding, rDNA FISH), non-sequential snDNA FISH, and whole-genome painting on metaphase spread. A, DAPI (B&W) counter-stained metaphase spread shows all 21 chromosomes. B, CMA3 banding in green shows NOR locus on the p arm of chromosome 4. CMA3 signal co-localizes with 28S locus. C, C-banding (B&W, brighter staining) highlights heterochromatic blocks on telomeric and pericentromeric regions of almost all chromosomes. In addition, the whole B chromosome is intensely banded (arrow). D, 5S (green) and 28S (red) rDNA loci are located on the q arm of chromosome 6 and p arm of chromosome 4, respectively. The 5S rDNA is situated on two different chromosomal loci within the single q arm. E, the snDNA loci U1 (red) and U2 (green) are located on the p arm of chromosome 1 and the q arm of chromosome 8, respectively. F, the GISH experiment of the H. boettgeri whole-genome painting probe, which hybridizes on Hymenochirus sp. chromosomes. All chromosomes are painted (red) except one, B chromosome, which shows no GISH signal and is DAPI-positive (arrow). Scale bars represent 10 μm.

Figure 2 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 2. Phylogenetic trees of dwarf clawed frogs. Maximum likelihood mtDNA (16S, left) and nDNA (rag1, right) trees showing the positions of karyotyped individuals (in bold) in the context of available molecular sampling retrieved from GenBank (acc. nos. listed). For sampling details, see Supporting Information, Table S1.

Figure 1 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 1. Dwarf clawed frogs, Hymenochirus sp. (captive population) and H. boettgeri. A, Hymenochirus sp., female (IVB-H-Hsp06) and male (IVB-H-Hsp02) in amplexus. B, Hymenochirus sp., female in dorsolateral view (IVB-H-Hsp04). In (A) and (B), note the relatively smooth flanks and hindlegs with homogeneous, unenlarged tubercles. C, Hymenochirus boettgeri from the north-western part of the Republic of the Congo (male, IVB-H-CG17-356). D, holotype of H. boettgeri, female (ZMB 11521). The area marked by the red rectangle is detailed in (E). F, Hymenochirus boettgeri from the same locality as the karyotyped individual (IVB-H-CG17-112, male). In (C–F), note the enlarged and spiny tubercles on the flanks and hindlegs typical for H. boettgeri.