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FIGURE 12 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 12. Results of the phylogenetic analysis of Hyaenodonta character-taxon matrix including deciduous dental characters. Results are visualized as an "allcompat" (majority rule plus compatible groups) consensus tree. Posterior probabilities (PP) are placed over each node. Bold taxa are scored for deciduous dental characters. Major, named clades recovered or discussed in this analysis and recovered in other analyses are illustrated.

FIGURE 11 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 11. Metasinopa sp. right dentary with dC, dP4, M1, M2 and I, C, P2, P3, P4 M3 in crypts (DPC 4544) from Quarry V (early Oligocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimen figured with digital model based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Dentary rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. 1) specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen lingual view; 4) model lingual view; 5) specimen buccal view; and 6) model buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 10. Metasinopa sp. left maxilla fragments with dP3, dP4, and M1 (DPC 10199) from Quarry V (early Oligocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Note that there is matrix around the roots of the specimens that has been cropped to make the dentition easier to view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 7. Masrasector nananubis left maxillae from Locality 41 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 7. Masrasector nananubis left maxillae from Locality 41 (latest Eocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimens figured with digital models based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Maxilla rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. DPC 20882 is a left maxilla fragment that preserves dP3 and dP4 and no indication of developing permanent dentition. 1) specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen buccal view; 4) model buccal view; 5) specimen lingual view; 6) model lingual view. DPC 13837 is a left maxilla fragment that preserves erupted dP3, dP4, and M1 and P3 and P4 developing in crypts. 7) specimen occlusal view; 8) model occlusal view; 9) specimen buccal view; 10) model buccal view; 11) specimen lingual view; 12) model lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 8. Masrasector nananubis right dentary with erupted dC, dP2, dP3, and dP4, M1 alveoli and P2, P3, and M2 in crypts (DPC 18276) from Locality 41 (latest Eocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimen figured with digital model based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Dentary rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. 1) specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen lingual view; 4) model lingual view; 5) specimen buccal view; 6) model buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 9. Masrasector nananubis left dentary with erupted dP3, dP4, M1 and M2 and P2, P3, and M3 in crypts (DPC 10358) from Locality 41 (latest Eocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimen figured with digital model based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Dentary rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. 1) specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen lingual view; 4) model lingual view; 5) specimen buccal view; 6) model buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 5. Anasinopa libyca left dentary with dP3 and dP4 from Gebel Zelten (middle Miocene), Libya (BMNH M82378) in 1) occlusal view; 2) lingual view; 3) buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 4. Anasinopa leakeyi left maxilla cast with dP2, dP3 and dP4 (KNM-RU 2385) from Rusinga Island (early Miocene), Kenya in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 6. Dissopsalis pyroclasticus left maxilla with dP3 and dP4 (KNM-FT 3357) from Fort Ternan (early Miocene), Kenya in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 2. Apterodon macrognathus left dentary with dP3, dP4, M1 and M2 in crypt (DPC 8217) from Quarry M (early Oligocene) in the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimen figured with digital model based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Mandibular corpus rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. 1) Specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen lingual view; 4) model lingual view; 5) specimen buccal view; 6) model buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 1. Apterodon macrognathus left maxilla fragment with dP4 and alveoli of dP3 (DPC 4126) from Quarry M (early Oligocene) in the Fayum Depression, Egypt in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 3. Leakitherium hiwegi maxilla fragments from Rusinga Island (early Miocene), Kenya. KNM-RU 2949 (CMF 4025 in Savage, 1965) is a left maxilla fragment dP3 and dP4 shown in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. KNM-RU 15182 is a right maxilla fragment with dP3 and dP4 and the germ of P4 shown in 4) occlusal view; 5) buccal view; 6) lingual view; 7) dorsal view; 8) and distal view. The well-developed germ of P4 is best viewed in dorsal and distal view. Specimens are to scale and scale bar is 10 mm.

FIG. 126 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology

FIG. 126. — Digital rendering based on CT data (left) and schematic drawing (right) of the left ectotypmpanic and partial malleus of Pantolambda bathmodon (AMNH 16663). Cracks and breakages of the specimen have been omitted on the drawings. A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view; E, posteromedial view. Abbreviations: afpe, articular facet for the petrosal; afpge, articular facet for the postglenoid eminence; afthl; articular facet for the tympanohyal; art, arc of the ectotympanic; cc, capitular crest; ct, crista tympanica; gct?, possible groove for the passage of the chorda tympani; Glf, Glaserian fissure; hm, head of the malleus; iaf, inferior articular facet of the malleus for the incus; lbact, lateral branch of the anterior crus of the tympanic; map, medial articular process of the anterior crus of the tympanic; mbact, medial branch of the anterior crus of the tympanic; mbt, medial blade of the tympanic; nm, neck of the manubrium; ol, osseous lamina; pct, posterior crus of the tympanic; rpm, rostral process of the malleus; sat, sulcus for auditory tube; sp, styliform process; st, sulcus tympanicus; suaf, superior articular facet of the malleus for the incus; veeam, ventral edge of the external acoustic meatus. Scale bars: 2 mm. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.

FIG. 125 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology

FIG. 125. — Left auditory region of Pantolambda bathmodon (AMNH 16663) in ventral view, with the ectotympanic in situ. Abbreviations: art, arc of the ectotympanic; Glf, Glaserian fissure; lbact; lateral branch of the anterior crus of the tympanic; mbact, medial branch of the anterior crus of the tympanic; mbt, medial blade of the tympanic; pct, posterior crus of the tympanic. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 124 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology

FIG. 124. — Left auditory region of Pantolambda bathmodon (AMNH 16663) in ventral view: A, stereophotographs; B, pencil drawing (cracks and breakages of the specimen have been omitted); Scale bar: A, 2 cm.

FIG. 122 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology

FIG. 122. — One of the 11 most parsimonious trees resulting from the constrained analysis of a data matrix of 70 taxa and 426 characters. Analysis was performed employing the program TNT (Goloboff et al. 2008) (see above in Material and methods). Given the high homoplasy index, it is clear that the very unstable trees resulting from this analysis must be taken with extreme caution, since their topology may be drastically modified with introduction or withdrawal of taxa or characters. The pattern of the molecular scaffold used for the constraint is shown in the lower left corner of the Figure.

FIG. 121 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology

FIG. 121. — One of the 11 most parsimonious trees (consistency index = 0.177; retention index = 0.494; homoplasy index 0.506; 3445 steps) resulting from the constrained analysis of a data matrix of 70 taxa and 426 characters. Analysis was performed employing the program TNT (Goloboff et al. 2008) (see above in Material and methods). Given the high homoplasy index, it is clear that the very unstable trees resulting from this analysis must be taken with extreme caution, since their topology may be drastically modified with introduction or withdrawal of taxa or characters. The pattern of the molecular scaffold used for the constraint is shown in the lower left corner of the figure.

FIG. 118 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology

FIG. 118. — Mounted skeleton of Alcidedorbignya inopinata. Bones have been modeled using Materialise Mimics Innovation Suite 16.0 from the CT Scan images of the skeleton MHNC 8372, then assembled, articulated and posed using Maxon Cinema 4D R16. The position is that of the animal walking on the ground: A, left lateral view; B, left anterodorsolateral view. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/ geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 117 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology

FIG. 117. — Mounted skeleton of Alcidedorbignya inopinata. Bones have been modeled using Materialise Mimics Innovation Suite 16.0 from the CT scan images of the skeleton MHNC 8372, then assembled, articulated and posed using Maxon Cinema 4D R16. The position is that hypothesized during arboreal locomotion, with the branches clasped between the manus and pedes: A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 116 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology

FIG. 116. — Distal view of the left femur in selected fossil and extant mammals: A, Alcidedorbignya inopinata (reconstructed on the basis of the undistorted specimens MHNC 8355 and 8456); B, Sciurus igniventris (coll RH uncatalogued); C, Sciurus vulgaris (uncatalogued);D, Ratufa bicolor (MNHN-AC-13435);E, Martes foina (uncatalogued); F, Felis silvestris (uncatalogued);G, Cynomys ludovicinanus (MNHN-AC-1895-4); H, Marmota marmota (MNHN-AC-1996-2438); I, Vulpes lagopus (MNHN-AC-1880.1313). Abbreviations: ft, femoral trochlea; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle. Not to scale.