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193 results for “Plant Competition”
Nitrogen addition alters plant competition directly more than indirectly through soil microbes.
Eutrophication, the excessive addition of nutrients to ecosystems, is a pervasive component of global environmental change that can alter community dynamics. Although nitrogen addition experiments have widely documented important declines in plant diversity and shifts in plant species composition, the underlying causes of these outcomes are widely debated. Nitrogen inputs may directly affect plant competition for light or soil water or may influence plant species indirectly by altering the composition of soil microbes. In a 28-year field nitrogen addition experiment, we tested whether nitrogen-induced changes to soil microbes could indirectly alter the outcome of competition between codominant foundation plant species. In the field, long-term addition of inorganic nitrogen slowed the competitive take-over of blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis) by black grama grass (B. eriopoda) and thereby stabilized the ecotone between two grassland ecosystems in central New Mexico, USA.
Emerging fungal pathogen of an invasive grass: Implications for competition with native plant species
This data package includes data and code from an experiment testing the effects of a leaf spot fungal infection and competition from the invasive (to the U.S.) grass Microstegium vimineum on the performance of three native grass species: Dichanthelium clandestinum, Elymus virginicus, and Eragrostis spectabilis. The experiment was performed between June and September of 2019 in a greenhouse on the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, FL, USA. The leaf spot infection is caused by the fungal pathogen Bipolaris gigantea, which has recently emerged on populations of M. vimineum in the U.S. We tested the hypothesis that infection of B. gigantea would both directly and indirectly affect the native grass species by measuring the change in biomass of each species with and without pathogen inoculation (direct effects) and by measuring the effect of pathogen inoculation on M. vimineum competition through changes in native grass biomass across a density gradient of M. vimneum (indirect effects). The code includes statistical analyses and figures. The code was run using R (version 4.0.1).
Drought and herbivory effects on woody plant seedling establishment and grass competition in the Jornada Basin, 2016-2018
This dataset contains observations of seedling establishment and grass competition under precipitation manipulations, and herbivory and granivory exclosure treatments, in the Chihuahuan desert of southern New Mexico, USA. The experiment took place at the Jornada Basin LTER site. We used a rainfall manipulation system and various herbivore exclosures in a factorial design, to test hypotheses about how precipitation (PPT), competition between grasses and shrub seedlings, and predation affect the germination and first-year survival of Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), a shrub that has encroached in Southern Great Plains and Chihuahuan Desert grasslands. Data collected in these files include seedling counts in each treatment over observation years 2016 to 2018. This data supports the related publication in Ecological Applications (Weber-Grullon et al. in press). The dataset is complete.
Data for: Microbe-induced plant resistance alters aphid inter-genotypic competition leading to rapid evolution with consequences for plant growth and aphid abundance
<p>Plants and insect herbivores are two of the most diverse multicellular groups in the world, and both are strongly influenced by interactions with the belowground soil microbiome. Effects of reciprocal rapid evolution on ecological interactions between herbivores and plants have been repeatedly demonstrated, but it is unknown if (and how) the soil microbiome could mediate these eco-evolutionary processes on a shared host plant. We tested the role of a plant-beneficial soil bacterium (<em>Acidovorax radicis</em>) in altering eco-evolutionary interactions between different aphid genotypes (Sitobion avenae; genotypes Sickte and Fescue) feeding on barley (<em>Hordeum vulgare</em>). We measured fecundity, longevity and population growth of two aphid genotypes reared separately or together (population mixture) on three different barley varieties that were inoculated with or without <em>A. radicis</em>. Results showed that across all plant varieties <em>A. radicis</em> increased plant growth and suppressed aphid populations via reduced longevity and fecundity. The strength of effect was dependent on aphid genotype and barley variety, while the direction of effect was altered by aphid population mixture. Using Lotka-Volterra modelling, we demonstrated that while <em>A. radicis</em> inoculation decreased growth rates for both aphid genotypes it increased the competitiveness of one genotype against the other. In general, in the presence of <em>A. radicis</em>, the Fescue aphid genotype became more inhibitory of Sickte aphids, while Sickte aphids facilitated the growth of Fescue aphids. Our work demonstrates that plant rhizosphere microbiomes exert community-level influences by mediating eco-evolutionary interactions between herbivores and host plants. By altering competitive interaction outcomes among aphids and thus impacting processes such as rapid evolution, soil microbes contribute to the short- and long-term structure and functioning of terrestrial habitats.</p>
ARCHIMED-φ simulation files for the simulation of Design A from the article "When architectural plasticity fails to counter the light competition imposed by planting design: an in silico approach using a functional-structural model of oil palm"; in silico Plants journal
<p>Input files for the simulation of Design A in ARCHIMED-φ from the article "When architectural plasticity fails to counter the light competition imposed by planting design: an in silico approach using a functional-structural model of oil palm"; in silico Plants journal.</p> <p>See https://archimed-platform.github.io/archimed-phys-user-doc/ for more details on the model.</p> <p>Make a simulation by opening a terminal at the root of the folder and type: `java -jar .\archimed-phys.jar .\DesignA_MockUpA_seed1_MAP_72.yml`.</p>
A general approach for quantifying microbial effects on plant competition
<p>Purpose <br>A growing perspective in plant ecology highlights the ways that microbial interactions can promote or hinder plant coexistence. Towards this aim, recently-proposed approaches provide ways to empirically quantify how microbes affect the outcome of competition between plants. One such approach experimentally measures competition coefficients by comparing biomass performance of plants growing individually or with competitors, then quantifies microbial effects by comparing with a sterilization treatment. Nonetheless, the complexity of plant-microbe interactions presents general challenges when linking observations of microbial effects to underlying models.</p> <p>Results <br>We show how the implementation of a density gradient design can help quantify potential nonlinearities and facilitative interactions in plant-soil microbe interactions, which are properties once thought to hinder the quantification of the microbial impact of plant competitive outcome. We provide guidelines for setting up the experiment and accurately interpreting the results.</p> <p>Conclusion <br>We argue that future studies should aim to parameterize suitable demographic models to characterize the contribution of soil microbes to plant coexistence. </p>
Mechanisms of coexistence: Exploring species sorting and character displacement in woody plants to alleviate belowground competition
<p>Rarely do we observe competitive exclusion within plant communities, even though plants compete for a limited pool of resources. Thus, our understanding of the mechanisms sustaining plant biodiversity might be limited. In this study, we explore two common ecological strategies, species sorting and character displacement, that promote coexistence by reducing competition. We assess the degree to which woody plants may implement these two strategies to lower belowground competition for nutrients which occurs via nutritional (mostly mycorrhizal) mutualisms. First, we compile data on plant traits and the mycorrhizal association state of woody angiosperms using a global inventory of indigenous flora. Our analysis reveals that species in locations with high mycorrhizal diversity exhibit distinct mean values in leaf area and wood density based on their mycorrhizal type, indicating species sorting. Second, we reanalyze a large dataset on leaf area to demonstrate that in areas with high mycorrhizal diversity, trees maintain divergent leaf area values, showcasing character displacement. Character displacement among plants is considered rare, making our observation significant. In summary, our study uncovers a rare occurrence of character displacement and identifies a common mechanism employed by plants to alleviate competition, shedding light on the complexities of plant coexistence in diverse ecosystems.</p>
Annual plant competition experiment results and associated mycobiome ASV tables
<p>Major theories regarding microbe-mediated plant community dynamics assume that plant species cultivate distinct microbial communities. However, few studies empirically assess the role of species-associated microbial community dissimilarity in plant competitive dynamics. In this study, we paired a competition experiment between eight annual forbs with a characterization of species-associated fungal communities to assess whether mycobiome dissimilarity is associated with pairwise competitive dynamics. Using a quantitative approach informed by modern coexistence theory, we found that fungal dissimilarity was correlated with both increased stabilizing niche differences and fitness inequalities. Additionally, we found that the probability of coexistence increased with mycobiome dissimilarity. When subsetting the community into different fungal functional groups (pathotrophs, saprotrophs, symbiotrophs), overall relationships between dissimilarity and competitive dynamics were independent of these functional groups. </p> <p>Synthesis: These results suggest that fungal community divergence may play an important role in mediating plant competitive dynamics. Although fungal community dissimilarity is associated with both niche and fitness differences, complex biotic and/or abiotic interactions belowground may result in an observed correlation between fungal community dissimilarity and plant coexistence. Ultimately, this study suggests a novel approach to better understanding how microbiome dissimilarity may impact host community dynamics.</p>
Beyond trait distances: Functional distinctiveness captures the outcome of plant competition
<p>Functional trait distances between coexisting organisms reflect not only complementarity in the way they use resources, but also differences in their competitive abilities. Accordingly, absolute and relative trait distances have been widely used to capture the effects of niche dissimilarity and competitive hierarchies, respectively, on the performance of plants in competition. However, multiple dimensions of the plant phenotype are involved in these plant-plant interactions (PPI), challenging the use of relative trait distances to predict their outcomes. Furthermore, estimating the effects of competitive hierarchy on the performance of a group of coexisting plants remains particularly difficult since relative trait distances relate to the effects of a focal plant on another. We argue that trait distinctiveness, an emerging facet of functional diversity that characterizes the eccentric position of a species (or genotype) in a phenotypic space, can reveal the unique role played by a given individual plant in a group of competing plants . We used the model crop species <em>Oryza sativa</em> spp. japonica to evaluate the ability of trait distances and trait distinctiveness to predict the outcome of intraspecific PPI on the performance of single genotype and genotype mixtures. We performed a screening experiment to characterize the phenotypic space of 49 rice genotypes based on 11 aboveground and root traits. We selected nine genotypes with contrasting positions in the phenotypic space and grew them in pots following a complete pairwise interaction design. Relative distances and distinctiveness based on traits associated with light competition were by far the best predictors of the performance of single genotypes - taller genotypes that acquired resource faster being the best competitors - while absolute trait distances had no effect. These results indicate that competitive hierarchy for light dominates PPI in this experiment. Consistently, trait distinctiveness in plant height and age at flowering had the strongest, positive effects on mixture performance, confirming that functional distinctiveness captures the effects of trait hierarchies and asymmetric PPI at this scale. Our findings shed new light on the role of trait diversity in regulating PPI and ecosystem processes and call for a greater consideration of functional distinctiveness in studies of coexistence mechanisms.</p>
Data and reproducible code for Honor et al: Direct and indirect fitness effects of competition limit evolution of allelopathy in an invading plant
<p><span>Upon introduction to new continents, invading species encounter novel communities of consumers, pathogens, and competitors. Both phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution can facilitate adaptation across these heterogenous communities, facilitating further invasion. However, the rate and extent of adaptive evolution on contemporary timescales can be constrained by phenotypic plasticity and limits imposed by genetic co-variation for traits under selection.</span></p> <p><span>We measured phenotypic plasticity and quantified genetic co-variation for growth, competition, and fitness among </span>23 naturally inbred seed families <span>of <em>Alliaria petiolata</em> (garlic mustard) </span>collected across its invasive range in eastern North America. After growing a self-pollinated generation in a uniform common garden to reduce maternal effects, we reared second-generation plants in a <span>two-year greenhouse and field experiment with naïve soil from an uninvaded habitat. W</span>e measured selection gradients and lifetime fitness when reared alone, with an intraspecific competitor, and under interspecific competition with naïve <em>Acer saccharum </em>(sugar maple) saplings.</p> <p>Total glucosinolate production was strongly correlated with the production of chlorophyll a (Chl a) (<em>R<sup>2</sup></em> = 0.45) such that first principal component (PC1) accounted for 84% of variation in these two traits. Furthermore, PC1 exhibited high plasticity across growing environments (p < 0.001) with limited broad-sense heritability (<em>H<sup>2</sup> </em>= 2.91; p = 0.08). In contrast, investment in glucosinolate production relative to Chl a (PC2) was significantly heritable (<em>H</em><sup><em>2</em> </sup>=16.91, p < 0.001) with minimal plasticity across treatments. Causal analysis revealed that plastic variation for higher Chl a + glucosinolate production (PC1) had an indirect positive effect on A. petiolata fitness via a direct, negative effect on <em>A. saccharum</em> performance. In contrast, heritable variation for higher glucosinolate investment (PC2) had a direct, positive effect on <em>A. saccharum</em> performance and an indirect negative effect on A. petiolata fitness. </p> <p>Applying causal inference, we find that evolution of allelopathy in <em>A. petiolata</em> has been constrained by (i) a lack of genetic variation, (ii) selection against glucosinolate investment under interspecific competition, and (iii) phenotypic plasticity. These factors limit adaptive evolution but maintain fitness during population growth as plants switch from interspecific to intraspecific competition during invasion.</p>
Alien plant fitness is limited by functional trade-offs rather than a long-term increase in competitive effects of native communities
<p><span>Alien plants experience novel abiotic conditions and interactions with native communities in the introduced area. Intra- and interspecific selection on functional traits in the new environment may lead to increased population growth with time since introduction (residence time). However, selection regimes might differ depending on the invaded habitat. Additionally, in high-competition habitats, a build-up of biotic resistance of native species due to accumulation of eco-evolutionary experience to aliens over time may limit invasion success. We tested if the effect of functional traits and the population dynamics of aliens depends on interspecific competition with native plant communities. We conducted a multi-species experiment with 40 annual Asteraceae that differ in residence time in Germany. We followed their population growth in monocultures and in interspecific competition with an experienced native community (varying co-existence times between focals and community). To more robustly test our findings, we used a naïve community that never co-existed with the focals. We found that high seed mass decreased population growth in monocultures but tended to increase population growth under high interspecific competition. We found no evidence for a build-up of competition-mediated biotic resistance by the experienced community over time. Instead, population growth of the focal species was similarly inhibited by the experienced and naïve community. By</span><span> comparing the effect of experienced and naïve communities on population dynamics over two years across a large set of species with a high variation in functional traits and residence time, </span><span>this study advances the understanding of the long-term dynamics of plant invasions. I</span><span>n our study system, population growth of alien species was not limited by</span> <span>an increase of competitive effects by native communities (one aspect of biotic resistance) over time. </span><span>Instead, invasion success of alien plants may be limited because initial spread in low-competition habitats requires different traits than establishment in high-competition habitats. </span></p>
Alien plant fitness is limited by functional trade-offs rather than a long-term increase in competitive effects of native communities
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Beyond trait distances: Functional distinctiveness captures the outcome of plant competition
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Data and reproducible code for Honor et al: Direct and indirect fitness effects of competition limit evolution of allelopathy in an invading plant
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Annual plant competition experiment results and associated mycobiome ASV tables
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Mechanisms of coexistence: Exploring species sorting and character displacement in woody plants to alleviate belowground competition
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Interspecific competition reduces seed dispersal in an annual plant and slows simulated range expansions
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Data for: Microbe-induced plant resistance alters aphid inter-genotypic competition leading to rapid evolution with consequences for plant growth and aphid abundance
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A general approach for quantifying microbial effects on plant competition
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Belowground plant biomass data: Plant Competition Under Different Nitrogen Levels:A Garden Experiment
This garden plot experiment is located next to the E026 gardens in Field E (Old Field 44). This garden contained monocultures of major grass species from across the grassland biome of North America, and also 3 legume species (E070). The design and purpose were similar to E026, except the plots were larger. The basic experimental design consisted of growing plants in monoculture and in various competitive combinations on each of 14 different soil mixtures. In 1988 a bulldozer was used to remove 30 inches of top soil at the site. To each plot a certain amount of black dirt, ranging from 0.3 inches to 10 inches, was added. Total carbon ranged from 0.1928% to 5.63134% and total nitrogen ranged from 0.0158% to 0.4591%. The exact amounts of black soil added to each plot are described in the field operations. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 \
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