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24 results for “Plant secondary metabolites”
Data from: Plant host traits mediated by foliar fungal symbionts and secondary metabolites
<p>Fungal symbionts living inside plant leaves ("endophytes") can vary from beneficial to parasitic, but the mechanisms by which the fungi affect the plant host phenotype remain poorly understood. Chemical interactions are likely the proximal mechanism of interaction between foliar endophytes and the plant, as individual fungal strains are often exploited for their diverse secondary metabolite production. Here, we go beyond single strains to examine commonalities in how 16 fungal endophytes shift plant phenotypic traits such as growth and physiology, and how those relate to plant metabolomics profiles. We inoculated individual fungi on switchgrass, <em>Panicum virgatum</em> L. This created a limited range of plant growth and physiology (2–370% of fungus-free controls on average), but effects of most fungi overlapped, indicating functional similarities in unstressed conditions. Overall plant metabolomics profiles included almost 2000 metabolites, which were broadly correlated with plant traits across all the fungal treatments. Terpenoid-rich samples were associated with larger, more physiologically active plants and phenolic-rich samples were associated with smaller, less active plants. Only 47 metabolites were enriched in plants inoculated with fungi relative to fungus-free controls, and of these, LASSO regression identified 12 metabolites that explained from 14–43% of plant trait variation. Fungal long-chain fatty acids and sterol precursors were positively associated with plant photosynthesis, conductance, and shoot biomass, but negatively associated with survival. The phytohormone gibberellin, in contrast, was negatively associated with plant physiology and biomass. These results can inform ongoing efforts to develop metabolites as crop management tools, either by direct application or via breeding, by identifying how associations with more beneficial components of the microbiome may be affected.</p>
Fig. 2 in Anticoccidial activity of the secondary metabolites in alpine plants frequently ingested by wild Japanese rock ptarmigans
Fig. 2. The efficacy of the natural components against E. tenella sporozoites. The viability of sporozoites was determined at various concentrations of the compounds that showed effectiveness at 100 μM. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was determined from the approximate curves obtained from these results. SPZ: sporozoite.
Fig. 1 in Anticoccidial activity of the secondary metabolites in alpine plants frequently ingested by wild Japanese rock ptarmigans
Fig. 1. Direct effects of the natural components derived from alpine plants on E. tenella sporozoites. The viability of sporozoites treated with each natural component derived from alpine plants or lasalocid (positive control) with the viability of the DMSO-treated group set as 100%. The final concentration was 100 μM for the natural components, and 1 μM for lasalocid. SPZ: sporozoite; Las: lasalocid. Outliers were tested using Thompson's test (p <0.05), and the student's t-test was utilized to compare the data with the DMSO-treated group as a control (**p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001).
Fig. 3 in Anticoccidial activity of the secondary metabolites in alpine plants frequently ingested by wild Japanese rock ptarmigans
Fig. 3. Confirmation of the active compounds using commercially available compounds and their efficacy. (A) The viability of sporozoites treated with each commercially available compound or lasalocid (positive control) was compared to the viability of the DMSO-treated group, which was set as 100%. The final concentration was 100 μM for the synthetic compounds, and 1 μM for lasalocid. SPZ: sporozoite, Las: lasalocid. The student's t-test was used for the comparisons (****p <0.0001) without outliers, as tested using Thompson's test (p <0.05). (B) The viability of sporozoites was determined at each concentration of the synthetic compounds that showed effectiveness at 100 μM. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was determined by approximating the curves obtained from the results.
Fig. 4 in Anticoccidial activity of the secondary metabolites in alpine plants frequently ingested by wild Japanese rock ptarmigans
Fig. 4. The inhibitory effects of the natural components derived from alpine plants on sporozoite cell invasion. The invasion rate of sporozoites treated with each natural component derived from alpine plants or lasalocid (positive control) with the viability of the DMSO-treated group set as 100%. Each compound was used at its maximum non-toxic concentration. Las: lasalocid. The student's t-test was utilized to compare the data with the DMSO-treated group as a control (**p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001). Outliers were identified and removed using Thompson's test (p <0.05).
Data from: Plant host traits mediated by foliar fungal symbionts and secondary metabolites
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Plant secondary metabolite increases the control-effectiveness of natural enemy - based on caffeine and Snellenius manilae
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The food resources in the field can effectively strengthen the ability of natural enemies to control the pest. Certain compounds, in addition to carbohydrates and amino acids, may improve the physiological performance of insects. Caffeine, for instance, has been shown to enhance pollinator memory and physiological reactions. However, little is known about how caffeine influences parasitoids. The control effectiveness and survival rate of the parasitoid (</span><em>Snellenius manilae</em><span>) were tested in this study after the parasitoids were fed solutions with different concentrations of caffeine. We examined caffeine concentrations of 10</span><sup>-2</sup><span>, 10</span><sup>-4</sup><span>, and 10</span><sup>-6</sup><span> (M) mixed with a 25% sucrose solution and a pure sucrose solution as a control group. The results show that a concentration of 10</span><sup>-6</sup><span> caffeine solution significantly increased the parasitism rate of</span><em> S. manilae </em><span>by 10.76% when compared to the control group. Despite the significantly lower survival rate and male bias of </span><em>S. manilae </em><span>offspring in the 10</span><sup>-2</sup><span> treatment, no further negative responses in growth performance, development time, or cocoon weight were observed. These findings suggest that an appropriate concentration of caffeine solution can have a positive impact on the control effectiveness of parasitoids in the laborat</span>ory. Our results highlight the potential of secondary compounds to increase the bio-control effectiveness.</p>
Plant secondary metabolite increases the control-effectiveness of natural enemy - based on caffeine and Snellenius manilae
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Inducibility of plant secondary metabolites predicts genetic variation in resistance against a key insect herbivore in maritime pine
<p>SNP dataset in maritime pine (<em>Pinus pinaster</em>) together with the population structure (<em>Q</em>) and kinship (<em>K</em>) matrices.</p>
Data from: Effects of plant diversity on the concentration of secondary plant metabolites and the density of arthropods on focal plants in the field
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Data from: The role of volatile plant secondary metabolites as pre-ingestive cues and potential toxins dictating diet selection by African elephants
Understanding the factors driving diet selection represents one of the main thrusts of contemporary foraging ecology. Many studies have focussed on nutritional factors and anti-nutritional factors (such as tannins) that may describe diet selection of generalist mammalian herbivores, but these often do not explain the observed feeding patterns. Alternatively, generalist herbivores may be influenced by the presence, diversity, and/or concentration of toxins. Plant volatiles have been understudied, yet may play an important role in this context. We aimed to determine whether diet selection by African elephants is better correlated with the presence and concentration of toxic plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) than with nutritional or anti-nutritional factors. We also aimed to identify the specific aspects of the plant-odour profiles that were correlated with dietary selection, which could be used as a pre-ingestive cue for food selection. We found that elephant diet selection was not well described by crude protein, in vitro digestibility, tannin concentration, and total polyphenol concentration. Instead, the best predictors of elephant diet choice were the number and absolute (total) emissions of potentially toxic volatile PSMs, specifically monoterpenes. Elephants avoided plant species that emitted a wider diversity of volatile PSMs, had higher total emissions, and higher numbers and emissions of monoterpenes. This suggests that PSMs with a high propensity to become toxins, such as monoterpenes, are likely a better indicator for elephant diet avoidance than nutritional or anti-nutritional factors. Moreover, we demonstrated that elephants can differentiate between food items based on odour alone, specifically volatile monoterpenes, suggesting that these animals are relying on specific volatile cues emitted from plants to direct their foraging choices prior to ingesting selected plants.
Figure 2 from: Li J, Li J, Jiang N (2024) Morphology and phylogeny of Cytospora (Cytosporaceae, Diaporthales) species associated with plant cankers in Tibet, China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 51-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.113567
Figure 2 Cytospora myricicola (CAF800083, holotype) A, B canker disease symptom C conidioma D transverse section through a conidioma E longitudinal section through a conidioma F conidiophores and conidia G, H conidia. Scale bars: 2000 µm (B); 1000 µm (C, D); 500 µm (E); 10 µm (F–H).
Figure 1 from: Li J, Li J, Jiang N (2024) Morphology and phylogeny of Cytospora (Cytosporaceae, Diaporthales) species associated with plant cankers in Tibet, China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 51-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.113567
Figure 1 Maximum Likelihood tree generated from combined ITS, act, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequence data. Bootstrap support values ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.90 are demonstrated at the branches. Ex-type cultures are marked with (*).
Figure 4 from: Li J, Li J, Jiang N (2024) Morphology and phylogeny of Cytospora (Cytosporaceae, Diaporthales) species associated with plant cankers in Tibet, China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 51-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.113567
Figure 4 Cytospora sibiraeicola (CAF800084, holotype) A, B canker disease symptom C conidioma D transverse section through a conidioma E longitudinal section through a conidioma F conidiophores and conidia G, H conidia. Scale bars: 2000 µm (B); 1000 µm (C–E); 10 µm (F–H).
Figure 3 from: Li J, Li J, Jiang N (2024) Morphology and phylogeny of Cytospora (Cytosporaceae, Diaporthales) species associated with plant cankers in Tibet, China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 51-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.113567
Figure 3 Cytospora populina (CAF800085) A, B canker disease symptom C ascostromata D transverse section through an ascostroma E asci and Ascospores F ascospores. Scale bars: 2000 µm (B); 500 µm (C); 200 µm (D); = 10 µm (E–F).
Soil chemistry determines whether defensive plant secondary metabolites promote or suppress herbivore growth
<p><span>Plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites mediate important interactions in both the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere. If and how such compartmentalized functions interact to determine plant-environment interactions is not well understood. Here, we investigated how the dual role of maize benzoxazinoids as leaf defenses and root siderophores shapes the interaction between maize and a major global insect pest, the fall armyworm. We find that benzoxazinoids suppress fall armyworm growth when plants are grown in soils with very low available iron but enhance growth in soils with higher available iron. Manipulation experiments confirm that benzoxazinoids suppress herbivore growth under iron-deficient conditions and in the presence of chelated iron, but enhance herbivore growth in the presence of free iron in the growth medium. This reversal of the protective effect of benzoxazinoids is not associated with major changes in plant primary metabolism. Plant defense activation is modulated by the interplay between soil iron and benzoxazinoids but does not explain fall armyworm performance. Instead, increased iron supply to the fall armyworm by benzoxazinoids in the presence of free iron enhances larval performance. This work identifies soil chemistry as a decisive factor for the impact of plant secondary metabolites on herbivore growth. It also demonstrates how the multifunctionality of plant secondary metabolites drives interactions between abiotic and biotic factors, with potential consequences for plant resistance in variable environments. </span></p>
Soil chemistry determines whether defensive plant secondary metabolites promote or suppress herbivore growth
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Data from: The role of volatile plant secondary metabolites as pre-ingestive cues and potential toxins dictating diet selection by African elephants
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Data from: A plant pathogen modulates the effects of secondary metabolites on the performance and immune function of an insect herbivore
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Data from: Convergently evolved toxic secondary metabolites in plants drive the parallel molecular evolution of insect resistance
Natural selection imposed by natural toxins has led to striking levels of convergent evolution at the molecular level. Cardiac glycosides represent a group of plant toxins that block the Na,K-ATPase, a vital membrane protein in animals. Several herbivorous insects have convergently evolved resistant Na,K-ATPases, and in some species, convergent gene duplications have also arisen, likely to cope with pleiotropic costs of resistance. To understand the genetic basis and predictability of these adaptations, we studied five independent lineages of leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae). These flies have colonized host plants in four botanical families that convergently evolved cardiac glycosides of two structural types: cardenolides and bufadienolides. We compared each of six fly species feeding on such plants to a phylogenetically related but nonadapted species. Irrespective of the type of cardiac glycoside in the host plant, five out of six exposed species displayed substitutions in the cardiac glycoside–binding site of the Na,K-ATPase that were previously described in other insect orders; in only one species was the gene duplicated. In vitro assays of nervous tissue extractions confirmed that the substitutions lead to increased resistance of the Na,K-ATPase. Our results demonstrate that target site insensitivity of Na,K-ATPase is a common response to dietary cardiac glycosides leading to highly predictable amino acid changes; nonetheless, convergent evolution of gene duplication for this multifunctional enzyme appears more constrained.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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