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9 results for “Pleistocene radiation”
Paraphyletic species no more – genomic data resolve a Pleistocene radiation and validate morphological species of the Melanoplus scudderi complex (Insecta: Orthoptera)
<p>Rapid speciation events, with taxa generated over a short time period, are among the most investigated biological phenomena. However, molecular systematics often reveals contradictory results compared with morphological/phenotypical diagnoses of species under scenarios of recent and rapid diversification. In this study, we used molecular data from an average of over 29,000 loci per sample from RADseq to reconstruct the diversification history and delimit the species boundary in a short-winged grasshopper species complex (<i>Melanoplus </i>Scudderi group), where Pleistocene diversification has been hypothesized to generate more than 20 putative species with distinct male genitalic shapes. We found that based on a maximum likelihood molecular phylogeny that each morphological species indeed forms a monophyletic group, contrary to the result from a previous mitochondrial DNA sequence study. By dating the diversification events, the species complex is estimated to have diversified during the Late Pleistocene, supporting the recent radiation hypothesis. Furthermore, coalescent-based species delimitation analyses provide quantitative support for independent genetic lineages, which corresponds with the morphologically-defined species. Our results also showed that male genitalic shape may not be predicted by evolutionary distance among species, indicating that this trait is not only labile, but also implying that selection may play a role in character divergence. Additionally, our findings suggest that the rapid speciation events in this flightless grasshopper complex might be associated primarily with the fragmentation of their grassland habitats during the Late Pleistocene. Collectively, our study highlights the importance of integrating multiple sources of information to delineate species, especially for a species complex that diversified rapidly, and whose divergence may be linked to ecological processes that create geographic isolation (i.e., fragmented habitats), as well as selection acting on characters with direct consequences for reproductive isolation (i.e., genitalic divergence).</p>
Paraphyletic species no more – genomic data resolve a Pleistocene radiation and validate morphological species of the Melanoplus scudderi complex (Insecta: Orthoptera)
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Figure 4. Mismatch distributions for 11 in Phylogeography of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): a radiation strictly correlated with climatic transitions in the Pleistocene
Figure 4. Mismatch distributions for 11 populations of the Poecilimon luschani species group for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. The continuous and interrupted (connecting circles) lines indicate the expected (Exp) and observed (Obs) distributions of pairwise differences obtained by fitting a model of sudden population expansion. A, İzmir (P. ledereri); B, Aydın (P. tuncayi); C, Kütahya (P. egrigozi); D, Balıkesir (P. helleri); E- Es¸en2 (P. l. chobanovi); F, Es¸en3 (P. l. chobanovi); G, Demre (P. l. luschani); H, Kalkan (P. l. luschani); I, Patara (P. l. luschani); J, Olympos (P. l. birandi); K, Bakırlıdag (P. l. birandi).
Figure 2 in Phylogeography of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): a radiation strictly correlated with climatic transitions in the Pleistocene
Figure 2. BEAST chronogram based on concatenated sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I + 16S rDNA for the Poecilimon luschani species group. Divergence times inferred according to Bayesian inference with an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock in BEAST (MPT, Mid-Pleistocene Transition; IIGP, initiation of intense glaciation periods; for details of populations see Table 1 and for the haplotype codes see Tables S1, S2).
Figure 5 in Phylogeography of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): a radiation strictly correlated with climatic transitions in the Pleistocene
Figure 5. Climatic cycles during the Mid and Late Pleistocene and time to the most recent common ancestor of the main nodes in the Poecilimon luschani species group. The median estimates are shown by a dashed line; the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) limits are shown by the pale blue horizontal bars. Node numbers, median estimates, and HPD are shown in Table 4 (time chart for climatic cycles modified from Cohen et al., 2012). (Colour version of figure available online.)
Figure 1 in Phylogeography of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): a radiation strictly correlated with climatic transitions in the Pleistocene
Figure 1. Populations sampled for specimens used in the study (for details of the localities see Table 1).
Figure 3. Gaussian Markov random field skyride plots for 11 in Phylogeography of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): a radiation strictly correlated with climatic transitions in the Pleistocene
Figure 3. Gaussian Markov random field skyride plots for 11 populations of the Poecilimon luschani species group. The median estimates are shown as a thick solid line, and the 95% highest posterior density limits are shown by the grey area. The background grey graphs show fluctuations in temperature during the respective periods of the Pleistocene. The upper and lower margins show the time in kiloyears (Kyr), the left margin shows the log of the effective population size (Nef), and the right margin the departure in temperature (ΔT in °C). Names of the glacial periods are indicated in the boxes at the bottom of the graphs. The background graph shows the temperature reconstruction of Vostok; modified from http://agwobserver.wordpress.com. A, İzmir (P. ledereri); B, Aydın (P. tuncayi); C, Kütahya (P. egrigozi); D, Balıkesir (P. helleri); E- Es¸en2 (P. l. chobanovi); F, Es¸en3 (P. l. chobanovi); G, Demre (P. l. luschani); H, Kalkan (P. l. luschani); I, Patara (P. l. luschani); J, Olympos (P. l. birandi); K, Bakırlıdag (P. l. birandi).
Figure 6 in Phylogeography of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): a radiation strictly correlated with climatic transitions in the Pleistocene
Figure 6. Evolution in ecological preferences of the species, subspecies, and populations of the Poecilimon luschani group. Solid lines indicate lowland habitats and dotted lines highland habitats. Polymorphic branches are shown by both lines. Locations of the taxa are indicated on the map given on the right (L, low altitudes; H, high altitudes; polymorphic species indicated by both).
Data from: Evolution of male coloration during a post-pleistocene radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi)
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