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49 results for “Pleistocene refugia”
Figure 2 in Forest monkeys and Pleistocene refugia: a phylogeographic window onto the disjunct distribution of the Chlorocebus lhoesti species group
Figure 2. All possible patterns of relationships among the lhoesti group species. A, topology consistent with a vicariant scenario in which the distribution of a widespread common ancestor fragments into three segments – nearly simultaneously – as the result of habitat deterioration associated with a Pleistocene glacial cycle. B, topology consistent with an alternative vicariant scenario, in which ancestral populations of Chlorocebus preussi and Chlorocebus solatus remain in contact for a short time after the divergence of Chlorocebus lhoesti, because the former two stocks range within the same Pleistocene refuge. C, tree consistent with a dispersal hypothesis in which early C. preussi populations (following divergence from C. solatus) migrate along the northern rim of the Congo Basin, and found a new lineage (C. lhoesti) in the Albertine region (see Fig. 1). D, tree consistent with a dispersal hypothesis in which early C. solatus populations (following divergence from C. preussi) conduct a similar transcontinental migration, but along the southern rim of the Congo Basin (see Fig. 1).
The role of multiple Pleistocene refugia in promoting diversification in the Pacific Northwest
<p>Pleistocene glacial cycles drastically changed the distributions of taxa endemic to temperate rainforests in the Pacific Northwest, with many experiencing reduced habitat suitability during glacial periods. In this study, we investigate whether glacial cycles promoted intraspecific divergence and whether subsequent range changes led to secondary contact and gene flow. For seven invertebrate species endemic to the PNW, we estimated Species Distribution Models (SDMs) and projected them onto current and historical climate conditions to assess how habitat suitability changed during glacial cycles. Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from these species, we assessed population genetic structure and used a machine-learning approach to compare models with and without gene flow between populations upon secondary contact after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Finally, we estimated divergence times and rates of gene flow between populations. SDMs suggest that there was less suitable habitat in the North Cascades and Northern Rocky Mountains during glacial compared to interglacial periods, resulting in reduced habitat suitability and habitat fragmentation during the LGM. Our genomic data identify population structure in all taxa and support gene flow upon secondary contact in five of the seven taxa. Parameter estimates suggest that population divergences date to the later Pleistocene for most populations. Our results support the role of refugial dynamics in driving intraspecific divergence in the Cascades Range. In these invertebrates, population structure often does not correspond to current biogeographic or environmental barriers. Rather, population structure may reflect refugial lineages that have since expanded their ranges, often leading to secondary contact between once isolated lineages.</p>
Fig. 1 in Mitochondrial Dna Diversity Of The Alpine Newt (Ichthyosaura Alpestris) In The Carpathian Basin: Evidence For Multiple Cryptic Lineages Associated With Pleistocene Refugia*
Fig. 1. Sampling sites and haplotypes found in and around the Carpathian Basin. Sam- ples collected in this study are marked with circles and haplotype codes, and previously
Fig. 5 in Mitochondrial Dna Diversity Of The Alpine Newt (Ichthyosaura Alpestris) In The Carpathian Basin: Evidence For Multiple Cryptic Lineages Associated With Pleistocene Refugia*
Fig. 5. Original drawings by O. Gy. Dely: male (A, B) and female (C, D) Ichthyosaura alpestris alpestris head shape from dorsal (A, C) and lateral (B, D) view
Fig. 4 in Mitochondrial Dna Diversity Of The Alpine Newt (Ichthyosaura Alpestris) In The Carpathian Basin: Evidence For Multiple Cryptic Lineages Associated With Pleistocene Refugia*
Fig. 4. Holotype of Triturus (=Ichthyosaura) alpestris bakonyiensis (Dely, 1964) (HNHM- HER-61.27.1.) from dorsal (A), lateral (B) and ventral (C) view
Fig. 8 in Mitochondrial Dna Diversity Of The Alpine Newt (Ichthyosaura Alpestris) In The Carpathian Basin: Evidence For Multiple Cryptic Lineages Associated With Pleistocene Refugia*
Fig. 8. Original drawings by O. Gy. Dely: female (A–D) and male (E–H) Ichthyosaura alpestris bakonyiensis skull from dorsal (A, E), ventral (B, F), lateral (C, G) and posterior (D, H) view
Fig. 7 in Mitochondrial Dna Diversity Of The Alpine Newt (Ichthyosaura Alpestris) In The Carpathian Basin: Evidence For Multiple Cryptic Lineages Associated With Pleistocene Refugia*
Fig. 7. Original drawings by O. Gy. Dely: female (A–D) and male (E–H) Ichthyosaura alpestris alpestris skull from dorsal (A, E), ventral (B, F), lateral (C, G) and posterior (D, H) view
Fig. 3 in Mitochondrial Dna Diversity Of The Alpine Newt (Ichthyosaura Alpestris) In The Carpathian Basin: Evidence For Multiple Cryptic Lineages Associated With Pleistocene Refugia*
Fig. 3. Median-joining network of the combined mtDNA haplotypes found in and around the Carpathian Basin (drawn with PopArt 1.7). Inset: distribution of Ichthyosaura alpestris in this region. On the network, circles with haplotype names mark haplotypes found in this
Fig. 6 in Mitochondrial Dna Diversity Of The Alpine Newt (Ichthyosaura Alpestris) In The Carpathian Basin: Evidence For Multiple Cryptic Lineages Associated With Pleistocene Refugia*
Fig. 6. Original drawings by O. Gy. Dely: male (A, B) and female (C, D) Ichthyosaura alpestris bakonyiensis head shape from dorsal (A, C) and lateral (B, D) view
Figure 3. Likelihood trees generated from the X in Forest monkeys and Pleistocene refugia: a phylogeographic window onto the disjunct distribution of the Chlorocebus lhoesti species group
Figure 3. Likelihood trees generated from the X- and Y-chromosomal datasets. Bootstrap values of 50 and above (100 replicates, 'fast' stepwise addition) are included throughout the trees. The dashed ovals indicate the consistent recovery of a lhoesti group monophyly. One Chlorocebus solatus sample (CS026) is derived from a female (XX), and therefore is not represented in the Y-chromosomal tree.
Figure 1 in Forest monkeys and Pleistocene refugia: a phylogeographic window onto the disjunct distribution of the Chlorocebus lhoesti species group
Figure 1. Present ranges of the lhoesti group relative to two putative Pleistocene refugia and the Congo River Basin. Species distributions follow Kingdon (1997), and refuges follow Grubb (2001). Harrison (1988) hypothesized that the evolutionary dispersal of the lhoesti group followed an eastward path around the Congo Basin, along either its northern or southern rim. In contrast, Kaplin (2002) suggested that the lhoesti group ancestor may have spread through the basin, with its present distribution being the result of a vicariant event.
The role of multiple Pleistocene refugia in promoting diversification in the Pacific Northwest
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An explicit test of Pleistocene survival in peripheral versus nunatak refugia in two high mountain plant species
<p>Pleistocene climate fluctuations had profound influence on the biogeographic history of many biota. As large areas in higher latitudes and high mountain ranges were covered by glaciers, biota were forced either to peripheral refugia (and possibly beyond to lowland refugia) or to interior refugia (nunataks), but nunatak survival remains controversial as it solely relies on correlative genetic evidence. Here, we test the nunatak hypothesis using two high alpine plant species of contrasting pollination modes (insect-pollinated Pedicularis aspleniifolia and wind-pollinated Carex fuliginosa) in the European Alps, a geographic model system to study Pleistocene biogeography. Employing the iDDC (integrative distributional, demographic and coalescent) approach, which couples species distribution modelling, spatial and temporal demographic simulation and Approximate Bayesian Computation, we explicitly test three hypotheses of glacial survival: (1) peripheral survival only, (2) nunatak survival only, and (3) nunatak plus peripheral survival. In P. aspleniifolia the nunatak plus peripheral survival hypothesis was supported by Bayes Factors (BF > 100), whereas in C. fuliginosa the peripheral survival only hypothesis, though best supported, could not be unambiguously distinguished from the nunatak plus peripheral survival hypothesis (BF = 5.58). These results are consistent with current habitat preferences (P. aspleniifolia extends to higher elevations) and the potential for genetic swamping, i.e., replacement of local genotypes via hybridization with immigrating genotypes (expected to be higher in the wind-pollinated C. fuliginosa). Although the persistence of plants on nunataks during glacial periods has been debated and studied over decades, this is one of the first studies to explicitly test the hypothesis instead of solely using correlative evidence.</p>
Ancient bears provide insights into Pleistocene ice age refugia in Southeast Alaska
<p>During the Late Pleistocene, major parts of North America were periodically covered by ice sheets. However, there are still questions about whether ice-free refugia were present in the Alexander Archipelago along the Southeast (SE) Alaska coast during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Numerous subfossils have been recovered from caves in SE Alaska, including American black (<em>Ursus</em> <em>americanus</em>) and brown (<em>U</em>. <em>arctos</em>) bears, which today are found in the Alexander Archipelago but are genetically distinct from mainland bear populations. Hence, these bear species offer an ideal system to investigate long-term occupation, potential refugial survival, and lineage turnover. Here we present genetic analyses based on 99 new complete mitochondrial genomes from ancient and modern brown and black bears spanning the last ~45,000 years. Black bears form two SE Alaskan subclades that diverged >100,00 years ago, one preglacial and one postglacial. All postglacial ancient brown bears are closely related to modern brown bears in the archipelago, while a single preglacial brown bear is found in a distantly related clade. A hiatus in the bear subfossil record around the LGM and the deep split of their pre- and post-glacial subclades fail to support a hypothesis of continuous occupancy in SE Alaska throughout the LGM for either species. Our results are consistent with an absence of refugia along the SE Alaska coast but indicate that vegetation quickly expanded after deglaciation, allowing bears to recolonize the area after a short-lived LGM peak.</p>
Ancient bears provide insights into Pleistocene ice age refugia in Southeast Alaska
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Data from: Evaluating the role of Pleistocene refugia, rivers and environmental variation in the diversification of central African duikers (genera Cephalophus and Philantomba)
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Data from: Relationship between the location of Pleistocene refugia and geographic and environmental centrality in a plant-pollinator mutualism from Patagonia
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An explicit test of Pleistocene survival in peripheral versus nunatak refugia in two high mountain plant species
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Data from: Is the incidence of survival in interior Pleistocene refugia (nunataks) underestimated? Phylogeography of the high mountain plant Androsace alpina (Primulaceae) in the European Alps revisited
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Data from: Phylogeography and niche modelling of the relict plant Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) reveal multiple Pleistocene refugia in New Caledonia
Amborella trichopoda Baill. (Amborellaceae, Amborellales), the sole living member of the sister group to all other extant Angiosperms, is endemic to New Caledonia. We addressed the intraspecific phylogeography of Amborella by investigating whether its present population genetic structure could be related to its current and past habitats. We found moderate range-wide genetic diversity based on nuclear microsatellite data, and detected four well-differentiated, geographically distinct genetic groups using Bayesian clustering analyses. We modeled the ecological niche of Amborella based on current climatic and environmental conditions. The predictive ability of the model was very good throughout the Central East mainland zone, but Amborella was predicted in the northern part of the island where this plant has not been reported. Furthermore, no significant barrier was detected based on habitat suitability that could explain the genetic differentiation across the area. Conversely, we found that the main genetic clusters could be related to the distribution of suitable habitat at the last glacial maximum (LGM, ca. 21 000 years BP), when Amborella experienced a dramatic 96.5% reduction in suitable area. At least two lineages survived in distinct putative refugia located in the Massif des Lèvres and in the vicinity of Mount Aoupinié. Our findings finally confirmed the importance of LGM rainforest refugia in shaping the current intra- and inter-specific diversity in New Caledonian plants, and revealed the possibility of an as-yet unreported refugium. The combination of niche modelling and population genetics thereby offered novel insight into the biogeographic history of an emblematic taxon.
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