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32 results for “Plesiosauria”
FIGURE 6 in Reassessment of 'Plesiosaurus' megacephalus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, UK
FIGURE 6. Transverse cross-sections of the plaster cast (BGS GSM 118410) of the holotype (BRSMG Cb 2335) skull of Atychodracon megacephalus (Stutchbury, 1846), showing surface morphology. 1, ventral view of skull showing position of cross-sections, 2–7, cross-sections, dorsal surface towards top. Abbreviations: aiv – anterior interpterygoid vacuity; chan – channels anterior to external nares; fl – ventrolaterally directed flanges of pterygoid; hy – hyoid; en – external nares; k – ventral keel on parasphenoid; piv – posterior interpterygoid vacuity; vlc – ventral longitudinal crest; vlf – ventrolateral flange. Scale bar equals 100 mm (in 1) and 50 mm (in 2–7), note that cross-sections are to scale relative to each other.
FIGURE 3 in Reassessment of 'Plesiosaurus' megacephalus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, UK
FIGURE 3. Plaster cast (BGS GSM 118410) of the anterior part of the holotype (BRSMG Cb 2335) skull of Atychodracon megacephalus (Stutchbury, 1846). 1–3, dorsal views, 4–6, ventral views. 1 and 4, three dimensional scans with texture (colour) removed, 2 and 5, photographs, 3 and 6, interpretations. Abbreviations: aiv – anterior interpterygoid vacuity; den – dentary; en – external naris; fo – nutritive foramina; fr – frontal; in – internal naris; mx – maxilla; pal – palatine; pmx – premaxilla; pt – pterygoid; sp – splenial; t – teeth; vom – vomer. Cross-hatching represents original broken surfaces, stippling represents original matrix. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
FIGURE 7 in Reassessment of 'Plesiosaurus' megacephalus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, UK
FIGURE 7. Plaster cast (BGS GSM 118410) of the ventral surface of the right forelimb of the holotype of Atychodracon megacephalus (Stutchbury, 1846) (BRSMG Cb 2335). 1, three dimensional scan with texture (colour) removed, 2, photograph, 3, interpretation. Abbreviations: 1 – distal carpal 1; 2-3 – fused distal carpals 2 and 3; 4 – distal carpal 4; h – humerus; i – metacarpal i; ii – metacarpal ii; iii – metacarpal iii; iv – metacarpal iv; v – metacarpal v; in – intermedium; r – radius; radiale; ra – radiale; u – ulna; ul – ulnare. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Reassessment of 'Plesiosaurus' megacephalus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, UK
FIGURE 5. Posterior part of a plaster cast (BGS GSM 118410) of the holotype (BRSMG Cb 2335) skull of Atychodracon megacephalus (Stutchbury, 1846) in ventral (palatal) view. 1, three dimensional scan with texture (colour) removed, 2, photograph, 3, interpretation. Abbreviations: ang – angular; ar – articular; at – atlas; ax – axis; bs/bo? – basisphenoid or basioccipital; c3 – cervical vertebra 3; c8 – cervical vertebra 8; cr – cervical ribs; ec? – probable ectopterygoid; hy – hyoid; imf – internal mandibular foramen; mb – medial boss of retroarticular process; piv – posterior interpterygoid vacuity; ppt – posterior process of pterygoid; pro – possible additional process between zygapophyses; ps – parasphenoid; pt – pterygoid;? – unknown element. Cross-hatching represents original broken surfaces, stippling represents original matrix. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Reassessment of 'Plesiosaurus' megacephalus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, UK
FIGURE 4. Plaster cast (BGS GSM 118410) of the anterior portion of the holotype (BRSMG Cb 2335) skull of Atychodracon megacephalus (Stutchbury, 1846). 1–3, right lateral view, 4–6, left lateral view, 7–9, oblique posterolateral view. 1, 4, 7, three dimensional scans with texture (colour) removed, 2, 5, 8, photographs, 3, 6, 9, interpretations. Abbreviations: aiv – anterior interpterygoid vacuity; ch - chin; cor – coronoid; den – dentary; en – external naris; in – internal naris; mx – maxilla; pal – palatine; pmx – premaxilla; pt – pterygoid; sp – splenial; t – teeth; vom – vomer. Cross-hatching represents original broken surfaces, stippling represents original matrix. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Reassessment of 'Plesiosaurus' megacephalus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, UK
FIGURE 2. Plaster cast (BGS GSM 118410) of the holotype (BRSMG Cb 2335) skull of Atychodracon megacephalus (Stutchbury, 1846) in ventral (palatal) view. Three dimensional scan with texture (colour) removed. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Reassessment of 'Plesiosaurus' megacephalus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, UK
FIGURE 1. Historical photograph of the holotype skeleton (BRSMG Cb 2335) of Atychodracon megacephalus (Stutchbury, 1846). Photograph taken from glass plate negative in the Bristol City Museum & Art Gallery, originally published by Swinton (1948). Bristol City Museum & Art Gallery, reproduced with permission. Length of skeleton equals 4960 mm.
Data from: A new Pliosaurus species (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia: new insights on the Tithonian morphological disparity of mandibular symphyseal morphology
Abstract.—Most species of the genus Pliosaurus come from the Northern Hemisphere, however a growing number of new specimens are now available from the Southern Hemisphere. Here a new species of Pliosaurus is described, the second for the genus from the Southern Hemisphere, collected from the upper Tithonian (Jurassic) levels of the Vaca Muerta Formation, Neuquén Province. Pliosaurus almanzai n. sp. is characterized by two autapomophies: angular participating in the mandibular symphysis and occipital condyle without a notochordal pit or several, irregularly-arranged grooves. Additionally P. almanzai can be differentiated from other Pliosaurus species by the following characters: trihedral teeth; nine or more symphyseal alveoli; 15-17 post symphyseal alveoli; and parasphenoid without ventral keel. Pliosaurus almanzai n. sp. shows that Pliosaurus species with nine or more 9 symphyseal alveoli persisted until the late Tithonian, contrary to previous assumptions that only species with six symphyseal alveoli were present.
Data from: A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early–Middle Jurassic pliosaurids
A partial skeleton from the Sigiloceras enodatum ammonite Subzone (early Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of the Oxford Clay Formation of Quest Pit, near Stewartby, Bedfordshire, UK respresents one of the basalmost Middle Jurassic pliosaurids. Marmornectes candrewi gen. et sp. nov. possesses seven autapomorphies and a longirostrine snout. Reassessment of pliosauroid relationships demonstrates that Thalassiodracon hawkinsii, Hauffiosaurus spp. and Attenborosaurus conybeari are successively more derived basal representatives of Pliosauridae. This indicates that a longirostrine snout was acquired among Early Jurassic pliosaurids (such as Hauffiosaurus), but that these early taxa had a small body size, long neck, and gracile skull and limb bones relative to the contemporaneous rhomaleosaurids, which were robust, large-bodied macropredators. The pliosaurid lineage only acquired its 'characteristic' large size, robust skull and short neck in the late Middle Jurassic after the extinction of Rhomaleosauridae.
FIGURE 22 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 22. Hypothesis of relationship for Plesiosauria with clades named in this study. Clade names are defined and diagnosed in the text.
FIGURE 23 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 23. Timecalibrated phylogeny of Leptocleidoidea. Thick black lines bracket the taxon duration and reflect either the range based on multiple specimens (e.g., Dolichorhychops osborni) or uncertainties of the exact age of a stratigraphic unit in which the taxon occurs. Numerical dates for stage boundaries follow Gradstein et al. (2004).
FIGURE 19 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 19. Results of four parsimony analyses implementing the constraint trees shown in Figure 13A–D. (A) Strict consensus of 4 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5973; CI = 0.528; RI = 0.540; RC = 0.285) implementing the constraint tree depicted in Figure 13A (Cryptocleidoidea; sensu O'Keefe 2001a, 2004b). The tree is 149 steps longer than the strict consensus tree shown in Fig. 14. (B) Strict consensus of 3 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5906; CI = 0.534; RI = 0.551; RC = 0.294) implementing the constraint tree of Figure 13B (holding Simolestes as the sister taxon of Leptocleidus + Umoonasaurus; sensu O'Keefe 2001a, 2004b). The tree is 104 steps longer than the strict consensus tree shown in Fig. 14. (C) Strict consensus of 3 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5867; CI = 0.537; RI = 0.558; RC = 0.300) implementing the constraint tree depicted in Figure 13C (clustering Leptocleidus and Umoonasaurus with traditionally recognized largeskulled pliosaurid taxa). The tree is 65 steps longer than the strict consensus tree shown in Fig. 14. (D) Strict consensus of 3 most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5829; CI = 0.541; RI = 0.564; RC = 0.305) implementing the constraint tree depicted in Figure 13D (holding TMP 94.122.01 as the sister taxon to Leptocleidus and Umoonasaurus). The tree is 27 steps longer than the strict consensus tree shown in Figure 14.
FIGURE 16 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 16. Strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees (tree length = 3888; CI = 0.517; RI = 0.520; RC = 0.269) for which all postcranial characters (96–152) have been excluded from the data set (matrix size = 31 OTUs and 95 characters).
FIGURE 13 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 13. Four constraint trees built in MacClade (Maddison & Maddison 2003) and analyzed in PAUP* (Swofford 2002). The trees were designed to test for phylogenetic signal in the data set. Constraint trees of (A) Cryptocleidoidea and (B) Simolestes + Leptocleidus + Umoonasaurus, based on the outcome of O'Keefe's (2001a, 2004b) analyses. (C) Tree constraining Leptocleidus and Umoonasaurus with traditionally recognized largeskulled pliosaurid taxa. (D) Constraint tree based on expected outcome of nesting TMP 94.122.01 with Leptocleidus + Umoonasaurus. Abbreviations: OTUs, operational taxonomic units.
FIGURE 9 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 9. Interpretation of the holotype skull of FIGURE 10. Interpretation of the skull of Rhomaleosaurus victor, SMNS 12478, in palatal Simolestes vorax, BMNH R.3319, in dorsal view. view. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 7 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 7. Interpretation of the skull of Liopleurodon FIGURE 8. Interpretation of the neotype skull of ferox, BMNH R.2680, in dorsal view. See Appendix 1 Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus, LEICT G221.1851, in for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 5 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 5. Interpretation of the holotype skull of Leptocleidus superstes, BMNH R.4828, in dorsal (A) and palatal (B) views. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 15 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 15. Hypotheses of relationship among plesiosaurs for which all taxa having greater than 60 percent (A), 50 percent (B), and 40 percent (C) missing data are excluded. (A) Strict consensus of two most parsimonious trees (tree length = 5584; CI = 0.545; RI = 0.553; RC = 0.302) of 27 OTUs and 152 characters; (B) single most parsimonious tree (tree length = 5081; CI = 0.550; RI = 0.534; RC = 0.294) of 23 taxa and 152 characters; (C) single most parsimonious tree (tree length = 4429; CI = 0.604; RI = 0.527; RC = 0.318) of 18 taxa and 152 characters. The OTU Callawayasaurus colombiensis represents the composite scoring.
FIGURE 4 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 4. Interpretation of the holotype skull of Leptocleidus capensis, SAMK5822, in dorsal (A) and palatal (B) views. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
FIGURE 1 in A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
FIGURE 1. Interpretation of the holotype skull of Augustasaurus hagdorni, FMNH PR 1974, in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. See Appendix 1 for anatomical abbreviations.
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