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10 results for “Plethodon cinereus”
The limits of the metapopulation: Lineage fragmentation in a widespread terrestrial salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
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Data from: Genetic Variation in Plethodon cinereus and Plethodon hubrichti from in and Around a Contact Zone
Climate change poses several challenges to biological communities including changes in the frequency of encounters between closely related congeners as a result of range shifts. When climate change leads to increased hybridization, hybrid dysfunction or genetic swamping may increase extinction risk—particularly in range-restricted species with low vagility. The Peaks of Otter Salamander, Plethodon hubrichti, is a fully terrestrial woodland salamander that is restricted to ~ 18 km of ridgeline in the mountains of southwestern Virginia, and its range is surrounded by the abundant and widespread Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus. In order to determine whether these two species are hybridizing and how their range limits may be shifting, we assessed variation at eight microsatellite loci and a 1008 bp region of Cytochrome B in both species at allopatric reference sites and within a contact zone. Our results show that hybridization between P. hubrichti and P. cinereus either does not occur or is very rare. However, we find that diversity and differentiation are substantially higher in the mountaintop endemic P. hubrichti than in the widespread P. cinereus, despite similar movement ability for the two species as assessed by a homing experiment. Furthermore, estimation of divergence times between reference and contact zone populations via approximate Bayesian computation is consistent with the idea that P. cinereus has expanded into the range of P. hubrichti. Given the apparent recent colonization of the contact zone by P. cinereus, future monitoring of P. cinereus range limits should be a priority for the management of P. hubrichti populations.
FIG. 7 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
FIG. 7. Kaplan-Meier survival plots of (a) avian attacks and (b) mammalian attacks on striped and unstriped clay models (n = 40 each) that were checked weekly over 3 wk. (a) Unstriped models of P. cinereus were significantly more likely to not be attacked by birds (solid line, n = 38) than striped models (dashed line, n = 31) (Z = 5.04, P = 0.0248). (b) There was no difference in models' ''survival'' from mammalian attacks based on color (striped: n = 31; unstriped: n = 30; Z = 0.07, P = 0.787).
FIG. 6 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
FIG. 6. The cumulative model weights for encounter probability (p) in Spring 2013, 2014, 2015 showed equivocal support for both age and color morph (a X c) affecting encounter probability in the spring seasons; the null model (.) had similar weights. In Fall 2013 and 2014, the model including both age and color morph (a X c) was more heavily weighted than the other models in each year.
FIG. 4 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
FIG. 4. Color morph frequencies varied based on age but not adult sex. Juveniles of P. cinereus (SVL <28 mm) had a significantly higher frequency (mean ± SE) of striped individuals than adults (SVL> 35 mm; X2 = 3.177, P = 0.049, n = 356). Adult males and females of Plethodon cinereus (SVL> 1 35 mm) did not differ in frequencies of striped and unstriped color morphs (X2 = 0.90, P = 0.210, n = 286).
FIG. 3 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
FIG. 3. Examples of clay model replicates of adult striped (top) and unstriped (bottom) Plethodon cinereus.
FIG. 2 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
FIG. 2. Map of the location of the study site (Nanticoke River Wildlife Management Area, Wicomico County, Maryland, USA) in Eastern North America.
FIG. 1 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
FIG. 1. Examples of striped (left) and unstriped (right) Plethodon cinereus. The striped individual pictured here has a previously autotomized tail, which, while originally striped (see Moore and Ouellet, 2014; Fig. 1), grew back without a red stripe (Petranka, 1998).
FIG. 5 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
FIG. 5. The cumulative model weights for survival (ψ) in Spring 2013, 2014, 2015 showed that both age and color morph (a X c) affected survival probability in the spring seasons. In Fall 2013 and 2014, the null model (.) was more heavily weighted than models including age or color.
Data from: Genetic Variation in Plethodon cinereus and Plethodon hubrichti from in and Around a Contact Zone
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