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FIGURE 4 in A new species of Plumarella (Octocorallia: Calcaxonia: Primnoidae) from the Northeast Pacific, and the redescription of Plumarella longispina Kinoshita, 1908

FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm.

FIGURE 5. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree constructed with UCEs and exon loci dataset for the novel species P in A new species of Plumarella (Octocorallia: Calcaxonia: Primnoidae) from the Northeast Pacific, and the redescription of Plumarella longispina Kinoshita, 1908

FIGURE 5. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree constructed with UCEs and exon loci dataset for the novel species P. williamsi (in bold), the redescribed species P. longispina (in red), the related taxa and rooted to outgroup genera. ML bootstrap support values>70% are shown above branches.

FIGURE 1. A in A new species of Plumarella (Octocorallia: Calcaxonia: Primnoidae) from the Northeast Pacific, and the redescription of Plumarella longispina Kinoshita, 1908

FIGURE 1. A, holotype of Callogorgia williamsi. B, topotypic specimen of Callogorgia longispina from Japan, USNM 49344. Scale bar = 5 cm.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Plumarella (Octocorallia: Calcaxonia: Primnoidae) from the Northeast Pacific, and the redescription of Plumarella longispina Kinoshita, 1908

FIGURE 2. Polyps of holotype of P. williamsi: A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo view of branch segment showing lateral view of two polyps and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing outerlateral scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing all eight marginals and two infrabasal scales. E, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing rectangular adaxial marginal scales. F–G, lateral views of a polyp showing sparse thick body wall scales. Scale bars: A = 0.4 mm; B, D, = 0.2 mm; C, E–G = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Plumarella (Octocorallia: Calcaxonia: Primnoidae) from the Northeast Pacific, and the redescription of Plumarella longispina Kinoshita, 1908

FIGURE 3. Sclerites of holotype of P. williamsi. A, marginal scales. B, opercular scales. C, body wall scales. D, coenenchymal scales. E, infrabasal scales. All scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 35 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 35. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a,b) outer and c) inner surface of accessory operculars; d,g,h) outer and e,f) inner surface of opercular scales; i,j) outer and k) inner surface of marginal scales; l,m) inner surface of submarginal scales; n) inner and o,p) outer surface of body-wall scales; q) coenenchymal scales—inner surface top row left, bottom row right and middle; remainder are the outer surface. Some SEM by ZGR.

FIGURE 33 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 33. Thouarella laxa, holotype, ZMA COEL03576: a,b,d) inner and c,e) outer surface of opercular scales; f) outer and g,h) inner surface of marginal scales; i,j) inner surface of submarginal scales; k,n) inner and l,m) outer surface of body-wall scales; o) coenenchymal scales—outer surface bottom right, remainder are the inner surface.

FIGURE 30 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 30. Thouarella moseleyi, holotype, NHM 1889.5.27.39: a) 6 cm colony; b) close up of the few remaining polyps; c) lateral view of polyp; d) stereo opercular view.

FIGURE 34 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 34. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a) 13 cm colony; b) close up of polyps; c) whorl of three polyps; d) abaxial polyp view; e) lateral polyp view; f) stereo opercular view. SEM by RZG.

FIGURE 24 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 24. Thouarella chilensis, holotype, ZMH C1780: a) colony, 14 cm; b) close up of polyps; c) abaxial and lateral views of polyps; d) stereo opercular view of polyp.

FIGURE 29 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 29. Thouarella parachilensis sp. nov, holotype, USNM 98338: a,f) inner and b–e) outer surface of opercular sclerites; g) outer and h) inner surface of marginal scales; i,k) outer and j) inner surface of submarginal scales; l,n,p,q) outer and m,o) inner surface of body-wall scales; r) coenenchymal scales—top row right, middle row right, bottom row left show the outer surface, remainder inner surface.

FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 21. Thouarella clavata, USNM 1140264: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) stereo opercular view of polyp; c) lateral polyp view; d,e,f) inner and g,h) outer surface of operculars; i) outer and j) inner surface of marginals; k) inner and l) outer surface of submarginals; m) inner and n) outer surface of body-wall scales; o,p,q) outer and r,s) inner surface of coenenchymal scales.

FIGURE 28 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 28. Thouarella parachilensis sp. nov, holotype, USNM 98338: a) colony, 29 cm long, 20 cm wide; b,c) close up of 'barrel-shaped' clusters of polyps; d) abaxial polyp view; e) stereo opercular view. Photo by SJ.

FIGURE 40 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 40. Thouarella parva, holotype: a) lateral polyp view, modified from Fig. 1 Kinoshita, 1908d; b) sclerites from Kinoshita, 1908d—I. accessory operculars, II. operculars, III. marginals, IV. submarginals, V,VI. body-wall scales. Thouarella andeep, USNM 1123418: c,d) inner surface of marginal scales.

FIGURE 26 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 26. Thouarella hicksoni, holotype, NHM 1962.7.20.36: a) 4.5 cm colony; b) close up of branchlet; c) abaxial polyp view; d) lateral polyp view; e) branchlet; f) stereo opercular view of polyp.

FIGURE 36. Plumarella diadema. Holotype, USNM 1078187 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 36. Plumarella diadema. Holotype, USNM 1078187: a) 6 cm colony; d) inner and e) outer surface of bifurcate marginal. USNM 98089: b) close up of polyps; c) pinnate colony form, 10 cm; c) 10 cm pinnate colony form. Photos by SJ.

FIGURE 20. Thouarella clavata, holotype ZMB Cni 6080 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 20. Thouarella clavata, holotype ZMB Cni 6080: a) image of 11 cm colony, fig. 69 from Kükenthal 1919. Syntype, MNHWU: b) fragment of branchlet; c) close up of two polyps. USNM 1140264: d) colony; e) close up of polyps. Photos by SJ.

FIGURE 15 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 15. Thouarella brucei, holotype, ZMA. COEL03574: a,b) outer surface and c–e) inner surface of opercular scales; f) inner and g,h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) inner and j) outer surface of submarginal scales; k,m) inner and l) outer surface of body-wall scales; n) coenenchymal scales, top row outer surface, bottom row inner surface. Photo and some SEM by ZGR.

FIGURE 14 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 14. Thouarella brucei, holotype, ZMA. COEL03574: a) abaxial view of polyp; b) 6.5 cm long fragment of holotype; c) lateral view of polyp; d) stereo opercular view

FIGURE 38 in A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella, Versluys, 1906

FIGURE 38. Plumarella recta, holotype, USNM 30040, identical sclerites to those of P. alternata: a) inner and b) outer surface of accessory operculars; c,d) inner and e) outer surface of opercular scales; f,g) inner and h) outer surface of marginal scales; i) outer and j,k) inner surface of body-wall scales; l) coenenchymal scales—first column of scales show the inner surface, remainder are the outer surface; m) lateral view of polyp; n) stereo opercular view of polyp. SEM taken by ZGR.