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322 results for “Poison frog”
Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: the history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs
<p>The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by one or more phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between populations exhibiting the central phenotype may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between "leapfroging" taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in <i>Phyllobates</i>. Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome-averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.</p>
Evidence for individual vocal recognition in a pair-bonding poison frog, Ranitomeya imitator
<p>Individually distinctive vocalizations are widespread in nature, although the ability of receivers to discriminate these signals has only been explored through limited taxonomic and social lenses. Here, we asked whether anuran advertisement calls, typically studied for their role in territory defense and mate attraction, facilitate recognition and preferential association with partners in a pair-bonding poison frog (<em>Ranitomeya imitator</em>). Combining no- and two-stimulus choice playback experiments, we evaluated behavioral responses of females to male acoustic stimuli. Virgin females oriented to and approached speakers broadcasting male calls independent of caller identity, implying that females are generally attracted to male acoustic stimuli outside the context of a pair bond. When pair-bonded females were presented with calls of a mate and a stranger, they showed significant preference for calls of their mate. Moreover, behavioral responses varied with breeding status: females with eggs were faster to approach stimuli than females that were pair-bonded but did not currently have eggs. Our study suggests a potential role for individual vocal recognition in the formation and maintenance of pair bonds in a poison frog and raises new questions about how acoustic signals are perceived in the context of monogamy and biparental care.</p>
Data for: Investigating signal modalities of aposematism in a poison frog
<p>Aposematic species combine a conspicuous signal with a secondary defense, the majority of which are studied in the context of a visual signal. While multimodality of the aposematic signal appears to be common in invertebrate species, we know very little about the presence or absence of multimodality in vertebrates. Here we examine the possibility of multimodality of aposematism in the green and black poison frog, <em>Dendrobates auratus. </em>Using a non-visual predator (the cat-eyed snake, <em>Leptodeira annulata</em>) and extractions of chemicals in frog skins, we test whether there is sufficient non-visual information for predators to avoid this aposematic species without using visual cues. We found that experienced predators avoid chemicals in this poison frog's skin by olfactory cues alone in trials with live frogs and extracts from captive poison frogs, whereas extracts from wild poison frogs did not lead to avoidance behaviors in predators. Further, in our limited sampling, naïve predators demonstrate no avoidance. This not only indicates that predators can make informed decisions from the frog's odor but also indicates that avoidance based on olfactory cue is a learned response.</p>
Fig. 76 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 76. Strict consensus of 25,872 most parsimonious trees of 46,520 steps: relationships among dendrobatids. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers following terminal names are unique sample identifiers. Terminals without numbers or with alphanumeric identifiers (GenBank numbers) were not sequenced for the present study or Frost et al. (2006) and were taken from GenBank. Unidentified species taken from GenBank are labeled as originally published. Upper right inset shows entire cladogram and corresponding figure numbers, with present view in black.
Fig. 68 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 68. Length variation in character 142, retroarticular process of the mandible. A: nocturnus, AMNH 130041. B: riveroi, AMNH 134142. C: vittatus, AMNH 118386. D: lehmanni Myers and Daly, AMNH118442. E: pratti, AMNH118364. F: ''Neblina species'', AMNH 118667.
Fig. 72 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 72. Strict consensus of 25,872 most parsimonious trees of 46,520 steps: relationships among dendrobatids. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers following terminal names are unique sample identifiers. Terminals without numbers or with alphanumeric identifiers (GenBank numbers) were not sequenced for the present study or Frost et al. (2006) and were taken from GenBank. Unidentified species taken from GenBank are labeled as originally published. Upper right inset shows entire cladogram and corresponding figure numbers, with present view in black.
Fig. 74 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 74. Strict consensus of 25,872 most parsimonious trees of 46,520 steps: relationships among dendrobatids. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers following terminal names are unique sample identifiers. Terminals without numbers or with alphanumeric identifiers (GenBank numbers) were not sequenced for the present study or Frost et al. (2006) and were taken from GenBank. Unidentified species taken from GenBank are labeled as originally published. Upper right inset shows entire cladogram and corresponding figure numbers, with present view in black.
Fig. 62. Character 105, reproductive amplexus. State 2 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 62. Character 105, reproductive amplexus. State 2, cephalic amplexus (anthonyi, AMNH live exhibit) shown in anterior (A) and lateral (B) aspects.
Fig. 63. Character 109, dorsal larval transport. State 1 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 63. Character 109, dorsal larval transport. State 1, present (fraterdanieli, specimens at UVC). This male nurse frog was transporting 12 tadpoles.
Fig. 57 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 57. Anterior view of the open mouth of the dendrobatid praderioi (CPI 10203) showing the short, tapered median lingual process (MLP).
Fig. 55. Character 70, m. semitendinosus binding tendon. State 1 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 55. Character 70, m. semitendinosus binding tendon. State 1, present (aurotaenia, AMNH 161109), photograph (left) and outline drawing (right) showing view of the concealed surface of the knee. The mm. gracilis complex is deflected ventrally to reveal the dorsad ''ranid'' path of the m. semitendinosus and the secondary binding tendon that straps it to the outer edge of the mm. gracilis complex.
Fig. 54. Character 69, m in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 54. Character 69, m. semitendinosus insertion. Photograph (left) and outline drawing (right) of ventral view of distal thigh of Thoropa miliaris (AMNH 17044), showing state 0, ventrad ''bufonid'' path of insertion. Arrow indicates the m. semitendinosus tendon of insertion.
Fig. 52. Character 67 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 52. Character 67, adult testis (mesorchium) color. State 2, entirely pigmented testes (claudiae, AMNH 124257) in ventral view.
Fig. 46. Character 61, male throat color. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 46. Character 61, male throat color. A: State 0, pale, free or almost free of melanophores (''Neblina species'', AMNH 118689). B: State 1, dark due to absence of iridophores (abditaurantius, ICN 9853). This character-state is inconspicuous in preserved specimens but obvious in living or recently prepared specimens. C: State 2, evenly stippled gray (infraguttatus, AMNH 104846). Note that the gularchest markings (character 58) of infraguttatus do not interfere with the even stippling of the throat. D: State 3, pale with dark spots (''nubicola-spC'', MHNUC 321). E: State 4, solid dark (inguinalis, LACM 42329). F: State 5, dark with discrete pale spotting/reticulation/marbling (tricolor, USNM 286082).
Fig. 48. Character 63, male abdomen color. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 48. Character 63, male abdomen color. A: State 0, pale, free or almost free of melanophores (''Neblina species'', AMNH 118689). B: State 1, pale with discrete dark spotting/reticulation/marbling (quinquevittatus, AMNH 124069). C: State 2, evenly stippled (talamancae, AMNH 113893). D: State 3, dark with discrete pale spotting/reticulation/marbling (infraguttatus, AMNH 104846). E: State 4, irregular (clumped) stippling or faint,
Fig. 53. Character 68, mature ova color. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 53. Character 68, mature ova color. A: State 0, white or yellowish (Atelopus spurrelli, AMNH 50983). B: State 1, pigmented (brown) (''Neblina species'', AMNH 118679).
Fig. 44 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 44. Extensive subdermal melanosis of the collar region. A, B: nocturnus (AMNH 130008). C, D: galactonotus (AMNH 128233). Note also the irregular (clumped) stippling or faint, diffuse spotting in A (character 61, state 6; see below).
Fig. 42. Character 58 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 42. Character 58, markings on gular–chest region, state 1 (present). A: Diffuse, white-spotted blotches (awa, AMNH 111542). B: Discrete, small dark spots (vertebralis, USNM 28232). Despite their differing shapes and patterns, we treated the occurrence of these markings as a single characterstate.
Fig. 47. Character 62, female throat color. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 47. Character 62, female throat color. A: State 0, pale, free or almost free of melanophores (undulatus, AMNH 159128). B: State 1, irregular (clumped) stippling or faint, diffuse spotting (nocturnus, AMNH 130018). C: State 2, solid dark (hahneli, AMNH 96190). D: State 3, dark with discrete pale spotting/reticulation/marbling (imbricolus, AMNH 102083). E: State 4, pale with discrete dark spotting/ reticulation/marbling (fraterdanieli, AMNH 148021). F: State 5, dark with pale medial longitudinal stripe (boulengeri, USNM 145281).
Fig. 66. Character 134 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 66. Character 134, nasal–maxilla relation. A: State 0, nasal and maxilla broadly separated (silverstonei, AMNH 91847). B: State 1, greater magnification showing nasal and maxilla overlapping or fused (bassleri, AMNH 43402).
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