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7 results for “Pollination deficit”
Pollination deficits and contributions of pollinators in apple production: a global meta-analysis
<p>1. Apple is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops worldwide, and apple yield benefits from pollination by insects. The global decline in wild pollinator populations raises concern about the adequacy of pollination services in apple production.</p> <p>2. Here, we present a global meta-analysis of pollination in apple. We assembled from the literature a dataset comprising results of 48 studies across five continents on fruit set and seed set in apple with insect pollination, artificial pollination and pollinator exclusion, and analysed the effects of explanatory factors such as variety and continent.</p> <p>3. Fruit set was on average 41% lower with open pollination than with artificial pollination, while seed set was 20% lower. These pollination deficits varied across continents and cultivars. Pollination deficits for fruit set were greatest in Asia (63%) followed by Europe (30%), whereas pollination deficits for seed set were greatest in Asia (47%) and South America (40%). Important differences in pollination deficit were also identified between cultivars but these differences were confounded with continent effects.</p> <p>4. Fruit set and seed set were 71% and 62% higher, respectively, when insects had open access to flowers than when they were artificially excluded, while results varied among cultivars.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and Applications. Globally, there are substantial contributions of pollinators to fruit set and seed set in apple, as well as considerable limitations in apple pollination services, particularly in Asia, Europe and South America. Several management strategies could be applied to reduce the pollination deficits in apple production: (1) conserving wild bees and enhancing their abundance and diversity, (2) using managed bees for pollination, (3) using varieties with low pollinator dependency, and/or (4) artificial pollination. These strategies should be tailored to the regional situation, considering the potential of landscapes for restoring wild pollinators, the acceptability of cultivated varieties for available pollinators, the acceptance in the market of self-compatible varieties, and the costs of management, such as artificial pollination, pollinator conservation, beekeeping and planting self-compatible varieties. Conservation of wild pollinators is preferred in regions with sufficient potential for wild pollinators as it contributes to biodiversity conservation and improves pollination in both crops and wild plants.</p>
Reduced seed set under water deficit is driven mainly by reduced flower numbers and not by changes in flower visitations and pollination
<p><span>Water deficit can alter floral traits with cascading effects on flower-visitor interactions and plant fitness. </span><span>Water stress induction can </span><span>diminish </span><span>productivity, directly resulting in lower flower production and consequently seed set. Changes in floral traits, such as floral scent or reward amount, may in turn alter pollinator visitations and behavior and consequently can reduce pollination services resulting in lower reproduction output. </span><span>However, </span><span>the relative contribution of this indirect in comparison to the direct effects of changes in seed set are not fully understood.</span></p> <p><span>We manipulated water availability using rain-out shelters in a field experiment and measured effects on floral scent bouquet, morphology, phenology, flower-visitor interactions, pollination, and seed set</span><span>.</span><span> Plant individuals of </span><em><span>Sinapis</span> <span>arvensis</span></em><span> (</span><span>Brassicaceae)</span><span> were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: mean precipitation (= control), reduced mean precipitation, or drought period treatment.</span></p> <p><span>Our results show that decreasing water availability lowers the number of flowers and seed set. This indicates a direct link between water stress and seed set, as seed mass increases with increasing flower number. </span><span>The indirect link of water stress <em>via</em> floral traits, pollinator visits, and pollination has weaker effects on seed set. However, floral traits remain relatively stable under decreased water availability, whereas plant growth and flower abundance decrease, potentially in order to allow investment in more resources in fewer flowers to maintain pollination success. Thus, plants are able to compensate for water stress and can maintain floral trait expression, such as a stable scent emission and bouquet, to retain pollinator attraction.</span></p> <p><span>These findings indicate that the direct link from water stress to seed set has a stronger impact on plants' reproductive success than the indirect link through altered floral trait expression and pollinator visits in a generalist plant species.</span></p>
Reduced seed set under water deficit is driven mainly by reduced flower numbers and not by changes in flower visitations and pollination
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Pollination deficits and contributions of pollinators in apple production: a global meta-analysis
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Pollination dependency and deficit in three almond varieties from Morocco
<p>The contribution of insects to pollination constitutes a globally important ecosystem service. Due to the increasing demand for entomophilous crops, the nutritional and economic importance of insect-pollinated crops and the inability of managed pollinators (<em>Apis mellifera L</em>) to meet the high demand for their services indicate that agriculture heavily relies on wild pollinators. Almonds are an economically valuable crop in Morocco. Therefore, it is essential to understand the fundamental pollination requirements of major almond varieties to promote their production. The main objectives of this study were to assess the dependency of three almond cultivars (Espoir, Largueta and Planeta) on insect pollination, and then to evaluate the pollination deficit resulting from the lack of these pollinators. For this purpose, we used insect-proof net bags constructed around branches of almond trees to compare fruit set and yield with open and open + hand-pollinated flowers. The results of the fruit set experiment confirmed that all three varieties require insect pollination, as fruit set and yield were significantly higher in insect-pollinated than insect-isolated trees. All three almond varieties were categorized as obligatory dependent on biotic pollinators. In addition, two out of the three studied almond varieties showed high pollination deficit resulting from the lower abundance and/or diversity of pollinating insects. Results of the current study highlights the important role of insect pollinators for almond crops and the urgent need for the implementation of sustainable strategies to preserve pollinators within agricultural ecosystems.</p>
Data from: Pollination deficits increase with urbanization in Chicago
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Pollination dependency and deficit in three almond varieties from Morocco
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