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Review of Polydora species from Brazil, with identification key and description of two new species (Annelida: Spionidae)
<p>Supplementary Material for the article published by the <strong><em>Ocean and Coastal Research</em> Journal</strong></p> <p>Complete information on the material examined during this study and records by other authors is given in Supplementary Tables S1−11. A list of the museums and other collections (and their acronyms) holding the samples which are reported in this study is given in Table ESM12.</p>
Figure 2. Alien spionid polychaetes from Sukhum Bay, Black Sea. A in First occurrence of the invasive alien species Streblospio gynobranchiata (Rice & Levin, 1998) and Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Polychaeta: Spionidae) on the coast of Abkhazia (Sukhum Bay, Black Sea)
Figure 2. Alien spionid polychaetes from Sukhum Bay, Black Sea. A – general view of Streblospio gynobranchiata (female, length 6.35 mm), B,C – Polydora cornuta morphology (fifth chaetiger): major spines with tooth (at) and companion chaetae (bc). Scale bars: 10 μm.
Fig. 5 in Polydora and Dipolydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) associated with molluscs on the south coast of South Africa, with descriptions of two new species
Fig. 5. Polydora dinthwanyana sp. n., SAMC A60067: (A) dorsal anterior; (B) dorsal posterior; (C) hooded hook; (D) chaetiger 5, from left to right: long bilimbate companion chaeta, ventral view of modified spine, modified spines from different angles; (E) cross-section of chaetiger 8. Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm, B = 0.5 mm, C–D = 0.02 mm, E = 0.05 mm.
Fig. 3 in Polydora and Dipolydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) associated with molluscs on the south coast of South Africa, with descriptions of two new species
Fig. 3. Dipolydora keulderae sp. n., SAMC A60060: (A) dorsal anterior; (B–D) chaetiger 5: (B) winged companion chaeta, (C) modified spines on chaetiger 5 with collar on convex side, the collar may be worn and appear as a line in more worn spines, as in the spine on the right, (D) long notochaeta; (E) pygidium with four lobes; dorsal pair smaller than ventral; (F) from left to right, hooded hooks, from anterior, late middle and posterior chaetigers. Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm, B–F = 0.02 mm.
Fig. 1 in Polydora and Dipolydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) associated with molluscs on the south coast of South Africa, with descriptions of two new species
Fig. 1. Locations of the sample sites along the southern coast. Additional sites on the north-east and west coasts denote where Polydora-type worms were found in other studies and are referred to in the text.
Fig. 4 in Polydora and Dipolydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) associated with molluscs on the south coast of South Africa, with descriptions of two new species
Fig. 4. Dipolydora keulderae sp. n., the relationships between number of branchiate chaetigers / chaetigers with unidentate hooks and total number of chaetigers.
Figure 1 in First occurrence of the invasive alien species Streblospio gynobranchiata (Rice & Levin, 1998) and Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Polychaeta: Spionidae) on the coast of Abkhazia (Sukhum Bay, Black Sea)
Figure 1. Location of the stations where specimens of alien spionid polychaete were found.
FIGURE 3 in On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae)
FIGURE 3. Polydora cornuta larval development, Paranaguá Bay, Brazil. A, a fragment of egg capsule string. B, a 3chaetiger larva just hatched from egg capsule, dorsal view. C, same, ventral view. D, E, chaetigers 3 (D) and 16 (E) of a 22chaetiger larva, dorsal view, showing large glandular cells and vesiculate melanophores on the posterior edge of chaetigers. F, a 22chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis, dorsal view, showing pattern of distribution of melanophores on chaetigers. G, same, ventral view, showing pattern of distribution of yellow chromatophores on chaetigers.
FIGURE 1. Polydora cornuta adult morphology. A in On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae)
FIGURE 1. Polydora cornuta adult morphology. A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars (pa), ciliary bands of nuchal organs (no), nototrochs (nt) on chaetigers 3 and 4, and large lateral organs (lo) on chaetiger 1. B, same, left lateral view, showing occipital antenna (oa) on the caruncle. C, chaetigers 4–6, left lateral view, showing enlarged chaetiger 5 with modified notochaetae (mn) arranged in an oblique double row. D, chaetigers 5–7, left lateral view, showing lateral organs (lo) on chaetigers 6 and 7, hooded hooks (hh) and external part of secretory cells of glandular pouches (gp) on chaetiger 7, well developed parapodial lobes (lb) and postchaetal lamellae (pl). E–G, chaetiger 5 companion chaetae with dishevelled, feathery distal tip (fc) and compact, broomlike distal tip (bc), and heavy falcate spines (fs) with lateral tooth (lt) and subterminal flange (sf). E, left ventral view. F, right dorsal view. G, right ventral view.
FIGURE 2. Polydora cornuta adult morphology. A in On adult and larval morphology of Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Annelida: Spionidae)
FIGURE 2. Polydora cornuta adult morphology. A, palp, lateral view, showing food groove (fg) lined with fine frontal cilia, short lateral papillae (lp) with nonmotile cirri, and short compound nonmotile cilia (nc) arising directly from palp surface and scattered on lateral and abfrontal palp surfaces. B, anterior end, dorsal view, showing basal part of palps (pa), branchiae (br) from chaetiger 7, and nototrochs (nt) on chaetigers 3, 4 and from chaetiger 7 onwards. C, chaetigers 1–5, left lateral view, showing lateral organs (lo) on chaetigers 1– 3. D, chaetiger 5 heavy falcate spines (fs) and companion chaetae with compact, broomlike distal tip (bc), left ventral view. E, chaetigers 6–8, left lateral view, showing lateral organs (lo) on chaetigers 6–8, hooded hooks (hh) and external parts of secretory cells of glandular pouches (gp) on chaetigers 7 and 8. F, posterior end, left posterolateral view, showing terminal anus and openings and secretion of numerous glandular epithelial cells on disclike pygidium.
FIGURE 12 in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 12. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, anterior fragment of early 14-chaetiger larva from egg capsule, dorsal view, showing short caruncle with one pair of large glandular cells, and rounded nuchal ciliary patches on the posterior dorso-lateral sides of the prostomium. B–C, late 14-chaetiger larva from egg capsule, showing pigmentation pattern. B, dorsal view, showing arrangement of melanophores. C, ventral view, showing distribution of yellow pigment.
FIGURE 11 in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 11. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10-chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B–H, set of chaetae of 14- chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D–H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, "quasi-adult" heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta.
FIGURE 9 in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 9. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, Paraná (MZSP 179). A, B, posterior ends in left lateral view. A, a common disc-like pygidium with numerous glandular cells. B, pygidium intermediate between disc-like and scoop-shaped pygidia, with few glandular cells. Scales: A, B = 50 µm.
FIGURE 10 in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 10. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. adult morphology, Santa Catarina (MZSP 181, paratype). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing black pigmentation on dorsal side of peristomium and anterior chaetigers. B–D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta; right side chaetae in ventral view.
FIGURE 8 in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 8. Polydora cf. haswelli adult morphology, São Paulo (MZSP 179). A, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. B–D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right. E, posterior end of large worm, dorsal view, showing small yellow chromatophores on segments, sensory cilia on edge of pygidium, numerous glandular cells in pygidium.
FIGURE 13 in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 13. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. life cycle diagram. A, female brooding larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. B, fragment of egg capsule string. C, 14-chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and ready for settlement and metamorphosis. D, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell.
FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3-chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16-chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation.
FIGURE 6 in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 6. Polydora ecuadoriana shell-boring life style Espírito Santo (MZSP 168). A, pair of feeding palps protruding out of short silty tube that extends burrow in shell, showing characteristic black bars regularly arranged along length of each palp. B, external opening of burrow in shell, with silty tube extensions removed, showing joined apertures and pair of short palps. C, shells of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae infested by Polydora ecuadoriana, showing U-shaped burrows (bu) and small mud blisters (mb) with worms on inner side of shells. Scales: A, B, 1 mm. C, 1 cm.
FIGURE 4 in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 4. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing palp scars (pa), lateral organs (lo) on chaetiger 1, ciliary bands of nuchal organs (no), nototrochs (nt), and flattened branchiae (br) from chaetiger 7. B–E, posterior end in various views, showing large, scoop-shaped pygidium with wide middorsal gap, dorsal anus (an), and postanal ciliary band (cb). Scales: A–E, 100 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 2. Polydora ecuadoriana adult morphology, Paraná (USNM 1022185). A, anterior end of a 40-chaetiger juvenile, dorsal view, showing narrow black band along ciliated groove on right palp; left palp omitted. B, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 20. C, bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D, heavy falcate spines and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae from notopodium of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view; older, worn chaetae on right.
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