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Figure 9 in A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad

Figure 9. Photograph and drawing of the left pelvic fin of TM90-01-39, holotype of Polypterus faraou sp. nov., in lateral view.

Figure 7 in A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad

Figure 7. Photograph and drawing of the operculum, cleithrum and postcleithrum of TM90-01-39, holotype of Polypterus faraou sp. nov., in lateral view.

Figure 8 in A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad

Figure 8. Photograph and drawing of pinnules 1–4 in place with the surrounding scales of TM90-01-39, holotype of Polypterus faraou sp. nov., in dorsal view.

Figure 6 in A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad

Figure 6. Photograph and drawing of the skull and pectoral girdle of TM90-01-39, holotype of Polypterus faraou sp. nov., in ventral view.

Figure 5 in A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad

Figure 5. Photograph and drawing of the opercular series and cheek of TM90-01-39, holotype of Polypterus faraou sp. nov., in laterodorsal view.

Figure 10 in A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad

Figure 10. The Recent polypterid species and Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (A) Position of the species in the anatomically based clusters of species, as defined by Poll, P. teugelsi not included (see Britz, 2004, for discussion), and (B) distribution in the African hydrographical basins; data from FishBase (Froese & Pauly, 2005) and map of the ichthyofaunic regions of Africa from Roberts (1975).

Figure 4 in A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad

Figure 4. Photograph and drawing of the snout of TM90-01-39, holotype of Polypterus faraou sp. nov., in anterolateral dorsal view.

Figure 2 in A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad

Figure 2. Measurements in specimen TM90-01-39, holotype of Polypterus faraou sp. nov., and ratios used in the text.

Figure 1 in A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad

Figure 1. Photograph of specimen TM90-01-39, holotype of Polypterus faraou sp. nov., in A, dorsal, B, left lateral, and C, ventral views.

Figure 3 in A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad

Figure 3. Photograph and drawing of the skull of TM90-01-39, holotype of Polypterus faraou sp. nov., in dorsal view.

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Data from: Boom and bust: ancient and recent diversification in bichirs (Polypteridae: Actinopterygii), a relictual lineage of ray-finned fishes

Understanding the history that underlies patterns of species richness across the Tree of Life requires an investigation of the mechanisms that not only generate young species-rich clades, but also those that maintain species-poor lineages over long stretches of evolutionary time. However, diversification dynamics that underlie ancient species-poor lineages are often hidden due to a lack of fossil evidence. Using information from the fossil record and time calibrated molecular phylogenies, we investigate the history of lineage diversification in Polypteridae, which is the sister lineage of all other ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii). Despite originating at least 390 million years (Myr) ago, molecular timetrees support a Neogene origin for the living polypterid species. Our analyses demonstrate polypterids are exceptionally species depauperate with a stem lineage duration that exceeds 380 million years (Ma) and is significantly longer than the stem lineage durations observed in other ray-finned fish lineages. Analyses of the fossil record show an early Late Cretaceous (100.5–83.6 Ma) peak in polypterid genus richness, followed by 60 Ma of low richness. The Neogene species radiation and evidence for high-diversity intervals in the geological past suggest a "boom and bust" pattern of diversification that contrasts with common perceptions of relative evolutionary stasis in so-called "living fossils."

Figure 14 in Comparative morphology of the finlet spines of the extant Polypteridae (Osteichthyes; Cladistia). Systematic interest

Figure 14. – Right lateral view of the articular face of the finlet spine. 7th spine, except Polypterus bichir bichir 1st, P. b. lapradei 16th, P. polli 3th and P. senegalus 6th. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 17 in Comparative morphology of the finlet spines of the extant Polypteridae (Osteichthyes; Cladistia). Systematic interest

Figure 17. – Basal view of the articular head of the finlet spines, showing the glenoid cavity and the processes. The posterior and anterior sides are respectively lower and upper. The basal surface of the articular head can be inserted either in a rectangular frame (Polypterus b. katangae, P. ansorgei, P. b. lapradei, P. ornatipinnis, P. palmas, P. polli, P. weeksi), a square frame (P. retropinnis) or a round frame (Erpetoichthys). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 19 in Comparative morphology of the finlet spines of the extant Polypteridae (Osteichthyes; Cladistia). Systematic interest

Figure 19. – Finlet spines of several fossil Polypteridae. A: Polypterus dageti (right lateral view); B: Bartschia tubularis (posterior view); C: Latinopollia suarezi (anterior view); D: Dagetella sudamericana (anterior view); E: Inbecetemia torta; F: Inbecetemia tortissima. The spines of A-D are symmetrical dorsal spines and look like the extant ones (compare with Fig. 3, 4, 11 and 13), whereas the spines of E and F are dissymetrical and correspond probably to pectoral or pelvic spines (see Discussion). Scale bars: A, B, E, F = 0.5 mm; C, D: = 1 mm. (A, B, E, F: from Gayet and Meunier, 1996; C, D: from Gayet and Meunier, 1998).

Figure 2. – A-B in Comparative morphology of the finlet spines of the extant Polypteridae (Osteichthyes; Cladistia). Systematic interest

Figure 2. – A-B: Polypterus senegalus and Erpetoichthys calabaricus, respectively; body scales in the dorsal region of the two first finlets. C: P. senegalus; outer face of the first left scale just behind the articulation of the spine. D: P. endlicheri; inner face of the last right predorsal scale just before the articulation of the spine. E: E. calabaricus; the articulation of the finlet spine with its pterygiophore. The arrows indicate the head direction of the fish. sp1, sp2: first and second spine articulation. Scale bars: A, B, C, D = 1 mm; E = 0.5 mm.

Figure 3. – A in Comparative morphology of the finlet spines of the extant Polypteridae (Osteichthyes; Cladistia). Systematic interest

Figure 3. – A: Polypterus ansorgei; the anterior face of the spine shows the basal articular head (asterisk), and the ganoine patches on the shaft, and the two distal tips (arrows). B-E: P. senegalus; anterior view of the articular head of the 1st (B), 5th (C), 8th (D) and 10th (E) finlet spines; the ganoine layer is lacking where the web membrane fits on the spine. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 11. – Polypterus senegalus. A in Comparative morphology of the finlet spines of the extant Polypteridae (Osteichthyes; Cladistia). Systematic interest

Figure 11. – Polypterus senegalus. A: The posterior face of 6th finlet spine from a female on the left and a male on the right, and showing the basal foramen on the articular head, the median groove and a lepidotrichium on the shaft. The symmetrical distal points of the spines correspond to apical odontodes. B-C: The anterior (on the left) and right (on the right) lateral views of the articular head of the spine respectively of a female and a male. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 8 in Comparative morphology of the finlet spines of the extant Polypteridae (Osteichthyes; Cladistia). Systematic interest

Figure 8. – Polypterus senegalus. Posterior view of the ten finlet spines (S1-S10) and the first lepidotrichium of the posterior part of the dorsal fin. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 18 in Comparative morphology of the finlet spines of the extant Polypteridae (Osteichthyes; Cladistia). Systematic interest

Figure 18. – Ground sections of the 1st spine at the level of the foramen (except for E. calabaricus), showing the general histological organization of the spines, specially the ganoine patches and the vascular canals (in black). The foramen merges with the medular canal in the centre of the spine. The posterior and anterior sides of the spine are respectively lower and upper. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Comparative morphology of the finlet spines of the extant Polypteridae (Osteichthyes; Cladistia). Systematic interest

Figure 1. – Polypterus sp. Schematic drawings. A: Left side of fish showing the position and the two parts of the dorsal fin: the anterior one with seven finlets (1 to 7) and the posterior one fused with the caudal fin. B: Detail of the anterior part of the dorsal fin; behind the 7th finlet the striped area corresponds to the posterior part of the dorsal fin. C: Detail of a finlet with the anterior spine and three lepidotrichial branches that sustain the web.