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66 results for “Population exposure”
All data for the preprint Population genetics of Glossina palpalis gambiensis in the sleeping sickness focus of Boffa (Guinea) before and after eight years of vector control: no effect of control despite a significant decrease of human exposure to the disease
<p>Data set for the paper titled "Population genetics of <em>Glossina palpalis gambiensis</em> in the sleeping sickness focus of Boffa (Guinea) before and after eight years of vector control: no effect of control despite a significant decrease of human exposure to the disease"</p>
Meeting radiation dosimetry capacity requirements of population-scale exposures by geostatistical sampling
<p>This is the data repository for the PLOS ONE Manuscript: "Meeting radiation dosimetry capacity requirements of population-scale exposures by geostatistical sampling". This repository contains the following data:</p> <p>1. "State-and-Subdivision-Boundary-Files.Edited-for-ArcMap-10.4.KML-Format.zip":</p> <p>This file contains modified U.S. state and sub-division boundary files [in KML format], which can be imported into ArcMap using its KMLtoLayer function. These files have been modified to prevent sub-division naming issues that we encountered when importing boundary data into ArcMap: A) State sub-divisions with identical names are considered a single sub-division by ArcMap (corrected by adding a letter after each sub-division of the same name, i.e. CenterA, CenterB, etc), and; B) ArcMap would only identify the sub-division by its first word if sub-division name contained spaces (corrected by converting all spaces into dashes). </p> <p>2. "HPAC-Plumes.Processed.zip" and "HPAC-Plumes.Unprocessed.zip":</p> <p>These files contain HPAC plume coordinate (WGS1984) and dose (in cGy) values for all scenarios discussed in the manuscript. We provide "processed" and "unprocessed" HPAC plume data files. The "unprocessed" HPAC plume data is provided in its original XML format, which cannot be imported into ArcMap directly. The "processed" HPAC plumes are provided in tab-delimited X,Y,Z format (Latitude, Longitude, and Dose). We have also added a "0 cGy" contour in the "processed" plumes (surrounding the HPAC plume), as the presence of unirradiated data points adjacent to the plume was found to be crucial for accurate kriging, since these points served as boundaries for kriging.</p> <p>3. "Final-Derived-Plumes.Data-Points.zip":</p> <p>This file contains geostatistically-derived plume coordinate (WGS1984) and dose (in cGy) values for all scenarios discussed in the manuscript. Data is in comma-delimited format (Latitude, Longitude, and Dose). Data points consist of a set of initial coordinates generated at random locations within each Census sub-division using the ArcMap tool, ‘CreateRandomPoints_management’, and subsequent points generated by densification (the geostatistical procedure that targets and localizes an additional small cohort of irradiated individuals to mitigate uncertainty in environmental measurements). These data points were assigned radiation level values corresponding to the adjacent outer HPAC contour by a script comparing each sample with its location within the HPAC plume of the same scenario.</p> <p>4. “Intermediate-Derived-Plumes.Data-Points.zip”</p> <p>This archive contains coordinate data (WGS1984) and dose values (in cGy) for all intermediary steps of plume development (using our geostatistical method) for all scenarios. Like (3), the data is comma-delimited (Latitude, Longitude, and Dose), and were assigned radiation level values by a script comparing sampling locations with the location of the HPAC plume of the same scenario. Scenario replicate folders contains text files for each iteration step of the plume derivation process, including a file containing just the initial random sampling (“Iteration-1”), a file containing initial sampling and sampling locations selected by the first densification step (“Iteration-2”), a file containing initial sampling and sampling locations selected by the first and second densification steps (“Iteration-3”), and so on.</p> <p>This archive also contains a Table (“Progression-of-New-Densification-Selected-Sampling-Locations-For-All-Scenarios.xslx”) which provides a categorical breakdown of how many unique densification-selected sampling locations occur within the irradiated region (i.e. overlap the HPAC plume) for each iteration of all scenario replicates. The fraction of irradiated to unirradiated sampling locations varies among each scenario and individual replicates for the same scenario. Our analysis shows that these results depend on the population densities and exact topography of the HPAC plume which is different among each scenario.</p> <p>5. "Geostatistical-Sampling-Project.All-Scripts.zip"</p> <p>This archive contains all programs required for this project. This includes Python scripts meant to be run within the ArcMap software environment (for random point generation and data extraction), and Perl scripts used to process HPAC and U.S. State and Sub-division boundary files, and to assign radiation values to sample locations based on a modified HPAC plume. A java program, “CompareReplicates.jar”, compares the overlapping areas between a pair of polygons that overlap one other using the ArcMap software environment, and requires access to the ArcGIS Runtime SDK (<a href="https://developers.arcgis.com/arcgis-runtime/">https://developers.arcgis.com/arcgis-runtime/</a>).</p>
Landscape-level toxicant exposure mediates infection impacts on wildlife populations
Anthropogenic landscape modification such as urbanization can expose wildlife to toxicants, with profound behavioural and health effects. Toxicant exposure can alter local transmission of wildlife diseases by reducing survival or altering immune defence. However, predicting the impacts of pathogens on wildlife across their ranges is complicated by heterogeneity in toxicant exposure across the landscape, especially if toxicants alter wildlife movement from toxicant-contaminated to uncontaminated habitats. We developed a mechanistic model to explore how toxicant effects on host health and movement propensity influence range-wide pathogen transmission, and zoonotic exposure risk, as an increasing fraction of the landscape is toxicant-contaminated. When toxicant-contaminated habitat is scarce on the landscape, costs to movement and survival from toxicant exposure can trap infected animals in contaminated habitat and reduce landscape-level transmission. Increasing the proportion of contaminated habitat causes host population declines from combined effects of toxicants and infection. The onset of host declines precedes an increase in the density of infected hosts in contaminated habitat, and thus may serve as an early warning of increasing zoonotic spillover risk in urbanizing landscapes. These results highlight how sublethal effects of toxicants can determine pathogen impacts on wildlife populations that may not manifest until landscape contamination is widespread.
Quantifying thermal exposure for migratory riverine species: phenology of Chinook salmon populations predicts thermal stress
<p>Migratory species are particularly vulnerable to climate change because habitat throughout their entire migration cycle must be suitable for the species to persist. For migratory species in rivers, predicting climate change impacts is especially difficult because there is a lack of spatially-continuous and seasonally-varying stream temperature data, habitat conditions can vary for an individual throughout its life cycle, and vulnerability can vary by life stage and season. To predict thermal impacts on migratory riverine populations, we first expanded a spatial stream network model to predict mean monthly temperature for 465,775 river km in the western U.S., and then applied simple yet plausible future stream-temperature change scenarios. We then joined stream temperature predictions to 44,396 spatial observations and life stage-specific phenology (timing) for 26 ecotypes (i.e. geographically distinct population groups expressing one of four distinct seasonal migration patterns) of Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>), a phenotypically diverse anadromous salmonid that is ecologically and economically important but declining throughout its range. Thermal stress, assessed for each life stage and ecotype based on federal criteria, was influenced by migration timing rather than latitude, elevation, or migration distance, such that sympatric ecotypes often showed differential thermal exposure. Early-migration phenotypes were especially vulnerable due to prolonged residency in inland streams during the summer. We evaluated the thermal suitability of 31,699 stream km which are currently blocked by dams to explore reintroduction above dams as an option to mitigate the negative effects of our warmer stream temperature scenarios. Our results showed that negative impacts of stream temperature warming can be offset for almost all ecotypes if formerly occupied habitat above dams is made available. Our approach of combining spatial distribution and phenology data with spatially- and temporally-explicit temperature predictions enables researchers to examine thermal exposure of migrating populations that use seasonally-varying habitats.</p>
Replication data for global population profile of tropical cyclone exposure during 2002 and 2019
<p>Tropical cyclones have far-reaching impacts on livelihoods and population health that often persist years after the event. Characterizing the demographic and socioeconomic profile and the vulnerabilities of the exposed populations is essential to assess health and other risks associated with future tropical cyclone events. Estimates of exposure to tropical cyclones are often regional rather than global and do not consider population vulnerabilities. Here, we combine spatially resolved annual demographic estimates with tropical cyclone wind fields estimates to construct a global profile of the populations exposed to tropical cyclones between 2002 and 2019. We find that approximately 560 million people are exposed yearly and that the number of people exposed has increased across all cyclone intensities over the study period. The age distribution of those exposed has shifted away from children (under-5) and towards older people (over-60) in recent years compared to the early 2000s. Populations exposed to tropical cyclones are more socioeconomically deprived than those unexposed within the same country, and this relationship is more pronounced for people exposed to higher intensity storms. By characterizing the patterns and vulnerabilities of populations exposed to tropical cyclones, our results can help identify mitigation strategies and assess the global burden and future risks of tropical cyclones.</p>
Population genomics of a predatory mammal reveals patterns of decline and impacts of exposure to toxic toads
<p>Mammal declines across northern Australia are one of the major biodiversity loss events occurring globally. There has been no regional assessment of the implications of these species declines for genomic diversity. To address this, we conducted a species-wide assessment of genomic diversity in the northern quoll (<em>Dasyurus hallucatus</em>), an Endangered marsupial carnivore. We used next-generation sequencing methods to genotype 10,191 SNPs in 352 individuals from across a 3220 km length of the continent, investigating patterns of population genomic structure and diversity, and identifying loci showing signals of putative selection. We found strong heterogeneity in the distribution of genomic diversity across the continent, characterised by (1) biogeographic barriers driving hierarchical population structure through long-term isolation, and (2) severe reductions in diversity resulting from population declines, exacerbated by the spread of introduced toxic cane toads (<em>Rhinella marina</em>). These results warn of a large ongoing loss of genomic diversity and associated adaptive capacity as mammals decline across northern Australia. Encouragingly, populations of the northern quoll established on toad-free islands by translocations appear to have maintained most of the initial genomic diversity after 16 years. By mapping patterns of genomic diversity within and among populations, and investigating these patterns in the context of population declines, we can provide conservation managers with data critical to informed decision-making. This includes the identification of populations that are candidates for genetic management, the importance of remnant island and insurance/translocated populations for the conservation of genetic diversity, and the characterisation of putative evolutionarily significant units.</p>
Prescribed Burn Related Increases of Population Exposure to PM2.5 and O3 Pollution in the Southeastern US over 2013–2020
<p>Daily prescribed burn PM2.5 and MDA8-O3</p>
A Modeling Framework for Near-Road Population Exposure to Traffic-Related PM2.5 and Environmental Equity Analysis: A Case Study in Atlanta, Georgia
<p>This is the dataset for the NCST project <em>"A Modeling Framework for Near-Road Population Exposure to Traffic-Related PM2.5 and Environmental Equity Analysis: A Case Study in Atlanta, Georgia"</em> by the Georgia Tech research team.</p> <p> </p> <p>Here is the abstract of the research: </p> <p>In this study, a modeling framework for population exposure to traffic-related PM2.5 with high spatiotemporal resolution is proposed and applied to the I-575/I-75 Northwest Corridor (NWC) in Atlanta, GA, for environmental equity analysis. The analyses retrieved trip data from the Atlanta Regional Commission’s (ARC) Activity-Based Model 2020 (ABM2020), after implementing path retention algorithms (Zhao, et al., 2019) to generate individual travel paths for more than 20 million predicted vehicle trips. Emission rates for each link were retrieved from MOVES-Matrix given the ABM link speed and facility type, the ARC’s county-level fleet composition data, and regional fuel properties and I&M program parameters. High-resolution downwind concentration profiles were predicted using EPA’s AERMOD microscale dispersion model with AERMET meteorology profiles for a huge array of receptors. Trip-end locations were derived from the ABM trip data, and the on-road trajectories for each person-trip (vehicle trace data) were derived from the travel paths through network. ABM synthetic household and person data were used in demographic assessment, and linked to representative household latitude and longitude locations in the Epsilon 2019 household demographic dataset. Individual exposure to traffic-related PM2.5 in time and space (average hourly concentration) was assessed by overlaying the second-by-second person location profiles (for 24 hours) against the hourly predicted PM2.5 concentration profiles. The analyses summarize the results across 16 demographic groups and the aggregate population exposure are compared to assess potential impact differences across demographics. High-income households in the corridor were exposed to less traffic-related air pollution as they tended to live further from the freeways. The analyses did not reveal large disproportionate negative impacts on low income groups along this specific corridor, but lager disproportionate negative impacts are expected elsewhere in the metro area due to the spatial clustering of income groups along other corridors. Overall, the research demonstrates the applicability of the modeling framework and describes how the various elements (e.g., link screening, dispersion modeling, path tracing, etc.) are optimized on the supercomputing cluster.</p>
Data from: Population connectivity patterns of genetic diversity, immune responses and exposure to infectious pneumonia in a metapopulation of desert bighorn sheep
<p>Habitat fragmentation is an important driver of biodiversity loss and can be remediated through management actions aimed at maintenance of natural connectivity in metapopulations. Connectivity may protect populations from infectious diseases by preserving immunogenetic diversity and disease resistance. However, connectivity could exacerbate the risk of infectious disease spread across vulnerable populations.</p> <p>We tracked the spread of a novel strain of <em>Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae</em> in a metapopulation of desert bighorn sheep (<em>Ovis canadensis nelsoni</em>) in the Mojave desert to investigate how variation in connectivity among populations influenced disease outcomes.</p> <p><em>M. ovipneumoniae</em> was detected throughout the metapopulation, indicating that the relative isolation of many of these populations did not protect them from pathogen invasion. However, we show that connectivity among bighorn sheep populations was correlated with higher immunogenetic diversity, a protective immune response and lower disease prevalence. Variation in protective immunity predicted infection risk in individual bighorn sheep and was associated with heterozygosity at genetic loci linked to adaptive and innate immune signalling.</p> <p>Together, these findings may indicate that population connectivity maintains immunogenetic diversity in bighorn sheep populations in this system and has direct effects on immune responses in individual bighorn sheep and their susceptibility to infection by a deadly pathogen.</p> <p>Our study suggests that the genetic benefits of population connectivity could outweigh the risk of infectious disease spread and supports conservation management that maintains natural connectivity in metapopulations.</p>
Data for: Responses to saltwater exposure vary across species, populations, and life-stages in anuran amphibians
<p><span>To predict the impacts of environmental change on species, we must first understand the factors that limit the present-day ranges of species. Most anuran amphibians cannot survive at elevated salinities, which may drive their distribution in coastal locations. Previous research showed that coastal <em>Hyla cinerea</em> are locally adapted to brackish habitats in North Carolina (USA). Although <em>Hyla squirella</em> and <em>Hyla chrysoscelis </em>both inhabit coastal wetlands nearby, they have not been observed in saline habitats. We take advantage of naturally occurring microgeographic variation in coastal wetland occupancy exhibited by these congeneric treefrog species to explore how salt exposure affects oviposition site choice, hatching success, early tadpole survival, plasma osmolality, and tadpole body condition across coastal and inland locations. We observed higher survival among coastal</span><span> <em>H. cinerea</em> tadpoles than inland <em>H. cinerea</em>, which corroborates previous findings. But contrary to expectations, coastal <em>H. cinerea</em> had lower survival than <em>H. squirella</em> and <em>H. chrysoscelis</em>, indicating that all three species may be able to persist in saline wetlands. We also observed differences in tadpole plasma osmolality across species, locations, and salinities, but these differences were not associated with survival rates in saltwater. Instead, coastal occupancy may be affected by stage-specific processes like higher probability of total clutch loss as shown by inland <em>H. chrysoscelis</em> or maladaptive egg deposition patterns as shown by inland <em>H. squirella</em>. </span><span>Although we expected saltwater to be the primary filter driving species distributions along a coastal salinity gradient, it is likely that the factors dictating anuran ranges along the coast involve stage-, species-, and location specific processes that are mediated by ecological processes and life history traits.</span></p>
Dataset for: Utilizing high-resolution genetic markers to track population-level exposure of migratory birds to renewable energy development
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>With new motivation to increase the proportion of energy demands met by zero-carbon sources, there is a greater focus on efforts to assess and mitigate the impacts of renewable energy development on sensitive ecosystems and wildlife, of which birds are of particular interest. One challenge for researchers, due in part to a lack of appropriate tools, has been estimating the effects from such development on individual breeding populations of migratory birds. To help address this, we utilize a newly developed, high-resolution genetic tagging method to rapidly identify the breeding population of origin of carcasses recovered from renewable energy facilities and combine them with maps of genetic variation across geographic space (called 'genoscapes') for five species of migratory birds known to be exposed to energy development, to assess the extent of population-level effects on migratory birds. We demonstrate that most avian remains collected were from the largest populations of a given species. In contrast, those remains from smaller, declining populations made up a smaller percentage of the total number of birds assayed. Results suggest that application of this genetic tagging method can successfully define population-level exposure to renewable energy development and may be a powerful tool to inform future siting and mitigation activities associated with renewable energy programs.</span></p>
Data from: Population connectivity patterns of genetic diversity, immune responses and exposure to infectious pneumonia in a metapopulation of desert bighorn sheep
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Replication data for global population profile of tropical cyclone exposure during 2002 and 2019
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Landscape-level toxicant exposure mediates infection impacts on wildlife populations
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Dataset for: Utilizing high-resolution genetic markers to track population-level exposure of migratory birds to renewable energy development
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Quantifying thermal exposure for migratory riverine species: phenology of Chinook salmon populations predicts thermal stress
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Data for: Responses to saltwater exposure vary across species, populations, and life-stages in anuran amphibians
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Population genomics of a predatory mammal reveals patterns of decline and impacts of exposure to toxic toads
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Data from: Variation in chronic radiation exposure does not drive life history divergence among Daphnia populations across the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
Ionising radiation is a mutagen with known negative impacts on individual fitness. However, much less is known about how these individual fitness effects translate into population-level variation in natural environments that have experienced varying levels of radiation exposure. In this study, we sampled genotypes of the freshwater crustacean, Daphnia pulex, from the eight inhabited lakes across the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). Each lake has experienced very different levels of chronic radiation exposure since a nuclear power reactor exploded there over thirty years ago. The sampled Daphnia genotypes represent genetic snapshots of current populations and allowed us to examine fitness-related traits under controlled laboratory conditions at UK background dose rates. We found that whilst there was variation in survival and schedules of reproduction among populations, there was no compelling evidence that this was driven by variation in exposure to radiation. Previous studies have shown that controlled exposure to radiation at dose rates included in the range measured in the current study reduce survival, or fecundity, or both. One limitation of this study is the lack of available sites at high dose rates, and future work could test life history variation in various organisms at other high radiation areas. Our results are nevertheless consistent with the idea that other ecological factors, e.g., competition, predation or parasitism, are likely to play a much bigger role in driving variation among populations than exposure to the high radiation dose rates found in the CEZ. These findings clearly demonstrate that it is important to examine the potential negative effects of radiation across wild populations that are subject to many and varied selection pressures as a result of complex ecological interactions.
Data from: Exposure to predators does not lead to the evolution of larger brains in experimental populations of threespine stickleback
Natural selection is often invoked to explain differences in brain size among vertebrates. However, the particular agents of selection that shape brain size variation remain obscure. Recent studies suggest that predators may select for larger brains because increased cognitive and sensory abilities allow prey to better elude predators. Yet, there is little direct evidence that exposure to predators causes the evolution of larger brains in prey species. We experimentally tested this prediction by exposing families of 1000-2000 F2 hybrid benthic-limnetic threespine stickleback to predators under naturalistic conditions, along with matched controls. After two generations of selection, we found that fish from the predator addition treatment had significantly smaller brains (specifically smaller telencephalons and optic lobes) than fish from the control treatment. After an additional generation of selection, we reared experimental fish in a common environment and found that this difference in brain size was maintained in the offspring of fish from the predator addition treatment. Our results provide direct experimental evidence that (a) predators can indeed drive the evolution of brain size – but not in the fashion commonly expected and (b) that the tools of experimental evolution can be used to the study the evolution of the vertebrate brain.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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