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31 results for “Population spread”
Disease Spread in Age Structured Populations with Maternal Age Effects
<p>Fundamental ecological processes, such as extrinsic mortality, determine population age structure. This influences disease spread when individuals of different ages differ in susceptibility or when maternal age determines offspring susceptibility. We show that Daphnia magna offspring born to young mothers are more susceptible than those born to older mothers, and consider this alongside previous observations that susceptibility declines with age in this system. We used a susceptible- infected compartmental model to investigate how age-specific susceptibility and maternal age effects on offspring susceptibility interact with demographic factors affecting disease spread. Our results show a scenario where an increase in extrinsic mortality drives an increase in transmission potential. Thus, we identify a realistic context in which age effects and maternal effects produce conditions favouring disease transmission. </p> <p>epi model R script.R</p> <p>This is the script for the SIR model as well as the associated script for life history data. </p> <p>main.body size.csv</p> <p>This is the data for the body size data collected in the main experiment. This was measured using imageJ, was recorded in pixels and converted into millimetres. </p> <p>main.exposed.csv</p> <p>This is the proportion of infected/not infected individuals from an exposed treatment group. This was a subset of individuals from the entire experiment. This was the result of the exposures from the main experiment. </p> <p>main.reproduction.csv</p> <p>This document records reproduction for individuals from old or young mothers. It is a count of the offspring born at each reproductive event, which occurs generally every three days, though variation in interclutch interval increases with age. This was from the main experiment. Only those who were unexposed to the parasite, where used for this portion of the experimental work. </p> <p>sm.body size.csv</p> <p>This records body size similarly to above, and was an independent replication of the main experiment. </p> <p>sm.infection status.csv</p> <p>This is infection outcomes of exposures carried out as above, in an independent replication of the main experiment. </p> <p>sm.total babies.csv</p> <p>This is the reproductive output, carried out similarly to above, but in an independent replication of the main experiment. </p>
The last moves: the effect of hunting and culling on the risk of disease spread from a population of reindeer
<p>1. Hunting and culling are frequently used to combat infectious wildlife diseases. The aim is to markedly lower population density in order to limit disease transmission or to eradicate the host. Massive host culling can yield a trade-off when combating wildlife disease; it follows that intrusive actions may have unintended behavioural side-effects, leading to the geographic spread of disease. The manner in which such excessive hunting and culling of hosts can affect the movement and dispersion of cervids has not been studied.</p> <p>2. In this study, we quantified the behaviour (daily movements and habitat use) and dispersion of GPS-marked reindeer (n = 24) before and during the eradication of an entire population (>2000 reindeer) infected with chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Norway. We compared behaviour and dispersion during 10 ordinary hunting seasons (2007-16), an extended hunt in 2017 and marksmen culling (2017/18).</p> <p>3. Seasonality had a major impact on movements. Reindeer movements during the early hunting season (20 August–20 September) did not increase the overall movements compared to that in the pre-hunt season (20 July–19 August), while extended hunting into October (as in 2017) and marksmen culling from November to February markedly increased daytime movements relative to that normally observed in this time of the year. Towards the end of the eradication, the remaining reindeer sought refuge at restricted high-elevation areas with limited forage production. Reindeer used novel areas towards the perimeter of the range, but active herding during culling stopped one herd from leaving the CWD zone.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: With emerging wildlife diseases, host culling is becoming a more frequently used tool for managers in Europe. Our study highlights the potential trade-off between combating disease transmission within a population and the risk of geographic spread. Such insight is important to design mitigation measures, such as perimeter fencing or herding, to avoid the risk of the geographic spread of disease in cases of severe and economically important wildlife diseases.</p>
Density dependence of seed dispersal and fecundity profoundly alters the spread dynamics of plant populations
<ol> <li>Plant population spread has fundamental ecological and evolutionary importance. Both determinants of plant population spread, fecundity and dispersal, can be density-dependent, which should cause feedback between population densities and spread dynamics. Yet it is poorly understood how density-dependence affects key characteristics of spread: spread rate at which the location of the furthest forward individual moves, edge depth (the geographical area over which individuals contribute to spread) and population continuity (occupancy of the spreading population).</li> <li>We present a general modelling framework for analysing the effects of density-dependent fecundity and dispersal on population spread and parameterize this framework with experimental data from a common-garden experiment using five wind-dispersed plant species grown at different densities. </li> <li>Our model shows that density-dependent fecundity and dispersal strongly affect all three population spread characteristics for both exponential and lognormal dispersal kernels. Spread rate and edge depth are strongly correlated but show weaker correlations with population continuity. Positive density-dependence of fecundity increases all three spread characteristics. Increasingly positive density-dependence of dispersal increases spread rate and edge depth but generally decreases population continuity. Density-dependent fecundity and dispersal are largely additive in their effect on spread characteristics. For population continuity, the joint effects of density-dependent fecundity and dispersal are somewhat contingent on the dispersal kernel.</li> <li>The common-garden experiment and the experimentally parameterized mechanistic dispersal model revealed density-dependent fecundity and dispersal across study species. All study species exhibited negative density-dependent fecundity, but they differed qualitatively in the density-dependence of dispersal distance and probability of long-distance dispersal. The negative density-dependence of fecundity and dispersal found for three species reinforced each other in reducing spread rate and edge depth. The positively density-dependent dispersal found for two species markedly increased spread rate and edge depth. Population continuity was hardly affected by population density in all study species except Crepis sancta in which it was strongly reduced by negatively density-dependent fecundity.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em>. Density-dependent fecundity and seed dispersal profoundly alter population spread. In particular, positively density-dependent dispersal should promote the spread and genetic diversity of plant populations migrating under climate change but also complicate the control of invasive species.</li> </ol>
The last moves: the effect of hunting and culling on the risk of disease spread from a population of reindeer
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Data from: Non-native species spread in a complex network: the interaction of global transport and local population dynamics determines invasion success
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Density dependence of seed dispersal and fecundity profoundly alters the spread dynamics of plant populations
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The impact of local population genetic background on the spread of the selfish element Medea-1 in red flour beetles
<p>Selfish genetic elements have been found in the genomes of many species, yet our understanding of their evolutionary dynamics is only partially understood. A number of distinct selfish <i>Medea</i> elements are naturally present in many populations of the red flour beetle (<i>Tribolium castaneum</i>). Although these <i>Medea</i> elements are predicted by models to increase in frequency within populations because any offspring of a <i>Medea</i>-bearing mother that do not inherit at least one <i>Medea</i> allele will die, experiments demonstrating an increase in a naturally occuring <i>Medea</i> element are lacking. Our survey of the specific <i>Medea </i>element<i>, </i>M<sup>1</sup>, in the United States showed that it had a patchy geographic distribution. From the survey it could not be determined if this distribution was caused by a slow process of M<sup>1</sup> colonization of discrete populations or if some populations lacked M<sup>1</sup> because they had genetic factors conferring resistance to the <i>Medea </i>mechanism. We show that populations with naturally low to intermediate M<sup>1</sup> frequencies likely represent transient states during the process of <i>Medea</i> spread. Furthermore, we find no evidence that genetic factors are excluding M<sup>1</sup> from US populations where the element is not presently found. We also show how a known suppressor of <i>Medea</i> can impair the increase of M<sup>1</sup> in populations and discuss the implications of our findings for pest-management applications of <i>Medea</i> elements.</p>
Data from: Population genetic structure of serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) across Europe and implications for the potential spread of bat rabies (European bat lyssavirus EBLV-1)
Understanding of the movements of species at multiple scales is essential to appreciate patterns of population connectivity and in some cases, the potential for pathogen transmission. The serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) is a common and widely distributed species in Europe where it frequently harbours European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1), a virus causing rabies and transmissible to humans. In the United Kingdom, it is rare, with a distribution restricted to south of the country and so far the virus has never been found there. We investigated the genetic structure and gene flow of E. serotinus across the England and continental Europe. Greater genetic structuring was found in England compared with continental Europe. Nuclear data suggest a single population on the continent, although further work with more intensive sampling is required to confirm this, while mitochondrial sequences indicate an east–west substructure. In contrast, three distinct populations were found in England using microsatellite markers, and mitochondrial diversity was very low. Evidence of nuclear admixture indicated strong male-mediated gene flow among populations. Differences in connectivity could contribute to the high viral prevalence on the continent in contrast with the United Kingdom. Although the English Channel was previously thought to restrict gene flow, our data indicate relatively frequent movement from the continent to England highlighting the potential for movement of EBLV-1 into the United Kingdom.
Genetic diversity and spread dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants present in African populations
<p>The dynamics of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) have been extensively researched in many settings around the world, but little is known about these patterns in Africa. 7540 complete nucleotide genomes from 51 African nations were obtained and analysed from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and Global Initiative on Sharing Influenza Data (GISAID) databases to examine genetic diversity and spread dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineages circulating in Africa. Utilising a variety of clade and lineage nomenclature schemes, we looked at their diversity, and used maximum parsimony inference methods to recreate their evolutionary divergence and history. According to this study, only 465 of the 2610 Pango lineages found to have existed in the world circulated in Africa after three years of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, with five different lineages dominating at various points during the outbreak. We identified South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria as key sources of viral transmissions between Sub-Saharan African nations. These findings provide insight into the viral strains that are circulating in Africa and their evolutionary patterns.</p>
Data from: Coevolutionary interactions with parasites constrain the spread of self-fertilization into outcrossing host populations
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Genetic diversity and spread dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants present in African populations
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Data from: Population genetic structure of serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) across Europe and implications for the potential spread of bat rabies (European bat lyssavirus EBLV-1)
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Data from: Spread of amphibian chytrid fungus across lowland populations of Túngara frogs in Panamá
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Data from: Migration patterns and changes in population biology associated with the worldwide spread of the oilseed rape pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans
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Data from: Strong hybrid male incompatibilities impede the spread of a selfish chromosome between populations of a fly
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The impact of local population genetic background on the spread of the selfish element Medea-1 in red flour beetles
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Data from: Inter-population spread of a parasitic B chromosome is unlikely through males in the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans
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Data from: Social networks and the spread of Salmonella in a sleepy lizard population
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Data from: Population genetic analyses provide insights on the introduction pathway and spread patterns of the North American forest pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare in Italy
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Data from: The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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