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Fig. 7 in Gill dimensions in near-term embryos of Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) and their relationship to the lifestyle and habitat of neonatal pups

Fig. 7. (A) The relationship between total gill area (cm2) and Relative Opening of the spiracle. (B) Linear regression of the mass-specific gill area (cm2 g-1) and body surface area (cm2) of different potamotrygonid embryos: upsidedown triangle - Plesiotrygon iwamae; star - Paratrygon aiereba; diamond - Potamotrygon motoro (from Negro River); dot - Potamotrygon motoro (from Solimões River); triangle - Potamotrygon orbignyi; square - cururu ray Potamotrygon sp.

Fig. 6 in Gill dimensions in near-term embryos of Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) and their relationship to the lifestyle and habitat of neonatal pups

Fig. 6. The two main axes of a principal component analysis based on total gill area, mass-specific gill area, body mass, total length, Anatomical Diffusion Factor and Relative Opening of Spiracule (ROSp) in the different potamotrygonid embryos: black triangle - Plesiotrygon iwamae; open diamond - Paratrygon aiereba; circle - Potamotrygon motoro (from Negro River); open triangle - Potamotrygon motoro (from Solimões River); black square - Potamotrygon orbignyi; open square - Potamotrygon sp. (cururu ray).

Fig. 5 in Gill dimensions in near-term embryos of Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) and their relationship to the lifestyle and habitat of neonatal pups

Fig. 5. Triplot of log (Anatomic Diffusion Factor) versus log(water/blood barrier thickness) versus log(mass-specific gill area) of the potamotrygonid embryos.

Fig. 3 in Gill dimensions in near-term embryos of Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) and their relationship to the lifestyle and habitat of neonatal pups

Fig. 3. Mass-specific gill area of the anterior and posterior hemibranchs of the gill arches in different potamotrygonid embryos: (A) Potamotrygon orbignyi; (B) Potamotrygon sp.; (C) Potamotrygon motoro (from Negro River); (D) Potamotrygon motoro (from Solimões River); (E) Plesiotrygon iwamae; (F) Paratrygon aiereba.

Fig. 2 in Gill dimensions in near-term embryos of Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) and their relationship to the lifestyle and habitat of neonatal pups

Fig. 2. Total superficial gill area of the anterior and posterior hemibranchs of the gill arches in different potamotrygonid embryos: (A) Potamotrygon orbignyi; (B) Potamotrygon sp.; (C) Potamotrygon motoro (from Negro River); (D) Potamotrygon motoro (from Solimões River); (E) Plesiotrygon iwamae; (F) Paratrygon aiereba.

Fig. 1 in Gill dimensions in near-term embryos of Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) and their relationship to the lifestyle and habitat of neonatal pups

Fig. 1. The potamotrygonid embryos: (A) Potamotrygon orbignyi; (B) cururu ray Potamotrygon sp.; (C) Potamotrygon motoro (from Negro River); (D) Potamotrygon motoro (from Solimões River); (E) Plesiotrygon iwamae; (F) Paratrygon aiereba. Scale bars= 1 cm.

Figure 5 in Study of the integument that covering back and stinger of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon rex (Chondricthyes, Potamotrygonidae)

Figure 5. Histochemistry of the Potamotrygon rex stingray: back (A: B: C: D; E) and stinger (F; G; H, I). (A) Micrograph showing mucous cells positive by the PAS histochemical method. (B) Image magnification showing that epithelial cells also presented positive cytoplasm to PAS, as well as the basal membrane (Bm). (C) Alcian Blue positive epithelial cells. (D) Epithelial cells positive to Bromophenol Blue, detail (Pr) Protein reserve strongly positive for Bromophenol Blue. (E) granulosa cells positive to Bromophenol Blue. (F, G, H, I) Stinger regions with all Bromophenol Blue positive cells. Ct- connective tissue; Bm- basal membrane; Mc – mucous cell; Pr- protein reserve (arrows); Mr- mineralized region; Gc – granulosa cell; Cm- chromatophores; DLR - dorsolateral region; VLR- ventrolateral region.

Figure 1 in Study of the integument that covering back and stinger of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon rex (Chondricthyes, Potamotrygonidae)

Figure 1. Collection sites for the tissues of the back and stinger of the Potamotrygon rex stingray, numbered according to their position. (A) Back of the stingray: 1- median tail; 2- base of the tail; 3- cephalic region; 4- left lateral fin; 5- right lateral fin. (B) Stinger: 1- apex; 2-middle and 3- base. (C) Scheme showing transversal section of the stinger regions that were analyzed under light microscopy. DR- Dorsal Region, DLR- Dorsolateral Region, VLR- Ventrolateral Region.

Figure 3 in Study of the integument that covering back and stinger of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon rex (Chondricthyes, Potamotrygonidae)

Figure 3. Photomicrograph of the back and stinger of the Potamotrygon rex's epidermis. (A) General view of the back. (C) Detail of the epithelial tissue of the back showing the layers: Sup- superficial; Int- intermediary; Bas- basal. (E) Detail of the basal layer showing the granulosa cell (arrow). (B. D and F) Different regions of the stinger and the different layers of the epithelium: Sup- superficial, Intintermediate, Bas- basal. (G) Cross section of the stinger showing the superficial (Sup) and intermediate (Int) layers, where it is possible to notice the epithelial cells of the intermediate layer. Et- epithelial tissue, Ct- connective tissue; Dd- dermal denticle; Mc- mucous cell; Gc – granulosa cell; Pr- protein reserve; Cm- chromatophores; DLR - dorsolateral region; VLR- ventrolateral region; Mr- mineralized region. (A-F) H&E stain. (G) PAS stain.

Figure 2 in Study of the integument that covering back and stinger of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon rex (Chondricthyes, Potamotrygonidae)

Figure 2. Adult female specimen of the stingray Potamotrygon rex. (A) Dorsal view of the stingray. (B) Tail of the stingray with two stingers attached to the middle portion of the tail, in the dorsal region, where the outermost stinger (*) is larger than the innermost one.

Fig. 52. Potamotrygon amandae, n in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Fig. 52. Potamotrygon amandae, n. sp. Anatomical details from radiograph of holotype, MZUSP 110910. Abbreviations: AAC, anterior angular cartilage; PAC, posterior angular cartilage.

Fig. 51. Potamotrygon amandae, n in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Fig. 51. Potamotrygon amandae, n. sp. Dorsal and ventral views of neurocranium and mandibular arch (in ventral view) of a non-type adult male specimen, MZUSP 111148, 280 mm DW. Abbreviations: AAC, anterior angular cartilage; CL, calcified ligament; DLP, dorsolateral process; EPB, epiphysial bar; FPF, frontoparietal fontanelle; HYO, hyomandibula; MC, Meckel's cartilage; PAC, posterior angular cartilage; PCF, precerebral fontanelle; POP, postorbital process; PQ, palatoquadrate PRP, preorbital process; SP, supraorbital process.

Fig. 49. Potamotrygon amandae, n in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Fig. 49. Potamotrygon amandae, n. sp. MZUSP 111148: (a) Dorsal view of tail showing the entire dorsal rows of enlarged pointed spines, (b) showing the rows and format of pointed spines, and (c) detail of some pointed spines of dorsal rows.

Fig. 47 in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Fig. 47. Patterns of ocelli and spots in specimens of P. amandae, n. sp.: (a) holotype MZUSP 110910, (b) MZUSP 110904 and (c) MZUSP 110906.

Fig. 46. Potamotrygon amandae, n in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Fig. 46. Potamotrygon amandae, n. sp. Dorsal view of right clasper of an adult male, MZUSP 111148, adult male, 280 mm DW. Abbreviations: ap, apopyle; cg, clasper groove; dp, dorsal pseudosiphon; hp, hypopyle; vp, ventral pseudosiphon.

Fig. 50. Potamotrygon amandae, n in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Fig. 50. Potamotrygon amandae, n. sp. Ventral canals of lateral line system in a non-type adult female specimen, MZUSP 111140, 254 mm DW. Abbreviations: hyc, hyomandibular canal; ioc, infraorbital canal; mnc, mandibular canal; nas, nasal canal; suc, supraorbital canal; ach, angular component of hyomandibular canal; iol, infraorbital loop; jch, jugular component of hyomandibular canal; nil, nasointernal loop; onc, orbitonasal component of supraorbital canal; pnc, prenasal component of nasal canal; pnl, prenasal loop; pst, posterior subpleural tubule; sbr, subrostral component of supraorbital canal; sol, suborbital loop; spc, subpleural component of hyomandibular canal; spl, subpleural loop; spt, subpleural tubules; sub, suborbital component of infraorbital canal.

Fig. 45. Potamotrygon amandae, n in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Fig. 45. Potamotrygon amandae, n. sp. Upper and lower jaws of a non-type adult female specimen, MZUSP 110916, 275 mm DW.

Fig. 41. Potamotrygon amandae, n in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Fig. 41. Potamotrygon amandae, n. sp. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views of paratype, MZUSP 110907, adult female, 270 mm DW, from Paraguay River.

Fig. 48. Potamotrygon amandae, n in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Fig. 48. Potamotrygon amandae, n. sp. Detail of dermal denticles present in a non-type juvenile male specimen, MZUSP 111150, 215 mm DW, showing the two morphological types of denticles, with star-shaped and pointed crowns.

Fig. 40. Potamotrygon amandae, n in Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Fig. 40. Potamotrygon amandae, n. sp. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views of paratype, MZUSP 110906, adult female, 294 mm DW, from Paraguay River.