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37 results for “Preference functions”
Floral preferences of mountain bumble bees are constrained by functional traits but flexible through elevation and season
Patterns of resource use by animals can clarify how ecological communities have assembled in the past, how they currently function, and how they are likely to respond to future perturbations. Bumble bees (Hymentoptera: Bombus spp.) and their floral hosts provide a diverse yet tractable system in which to explore resource selection in the context of plant-pollinator networks. Under conditions of resource limitation, the ability of bumble bees species to coexist should depend on dietary niche overlap. In this study, we report patterns and dynamics of floral morphotype preferences in a mountain bumble bee community based on ~13,000 observations of bumble bee floral visits recorded along a 1400 m elevation gradient. We found that bumble bees are highly selective generalists, rarely visiting floral morphotypes at the rates predicted by their relative abundances. Preferences also differed markedly across bumble bee species, and these differences were well-explained by variation in bumble bee tongue length, generating patterns of preference similarity that should be expected to predict competition under conditions of resource limitation. Within species, though, morphotype preferences varied by elevation and season, possibly representing adaptive flexibility in response to the high elevational and seasonal turnover of mountain floral communities. Patterns of resource partitioning among bumble bee communities may determine which species can coexist under the altered distributions of bumble bees and their floral hosts caused by climate and land use change.
Floral preferences of mountain bumble bees are constrained by functional traits but flexible through elevation and season
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The relationship between a combinatorial processing rule and a continuous mate preference function in an insect
<p>Mate choice involves processing signals that can reach high levels of complexity and feature multiple components, even in small animals with tiny brains. This raises the question of whether and how such organisms deal with this complexity. One solution involves combinatorial processing, whereby different signal elements are processed as single units. Combinatorial processing has been described in several mammals and birds, and recently in a vibrationally signalling insect, Enchenopa treehoppers. Here, we ask about the relationship between combinatorial rules and mate preferences for continuously varying signal features. Enchenopa male advertisement signals are composed of two elements: a 'whine' followed by a set of pulses. The dominant frequency of the whine and element combination both matter to females. We presented synthetic signals varying in element order (natural [whine-pulses], reverse [pulses-whine]) and in frequency to Enchenopa females and recorded their responses. The reverse combination resulted in a decrease in attractiveness of the signals, and also slightly changed the shape of the preference for frequency. We found that females could be classified into three 'types': females with both a strong preference and a strong combinatorial rule, females with both a weak preference and weak rule and females with a strong preference but a weak rule. Our results suggest that in Enchenopa signal processing, the mate preference for a continuous signal feature 'takes precedence' over, but also interacts with, the combinatorial rule. The relationship between the preference and the rule could evolve to take different forms according to selection on mate choice decisions. We suggest that exploring the relationship between such preferences and rules in species with more complex signals will bring insight into the evolution of the multi-component communication systems.</p>
Does fortune follow function? Exploring how consumer preferences drive the functional trait composition of the global songbird trade
<p>Defaunation and extinction undermine the resilience and functioning of ecological communities and ecosystems. Relative to other disturbances, overexploitation for the global wildlife trade presents a unique case of trait-based selection, as demand for specific individuals is often tied to unique morphological or aesthetic traits desired by consumers ("market traits"). Because evolutionary history leads to species that share both market and functional traits, we posit that non-random patterns of exploitation will result in non-random loss of functional diversity. <br>We applied a trait-based framework to the global songbird trade for 4616 species, 148 of which are plausibly threatened by the trade. We quantified select market traits, such as unique coloration and song quality, and ecological traits related to body size, diet, and foraging strategy to assess whether the trade disproportionately threatens particular functional groups. We additionally looked for patterns of association between market traits and functional traits to assess whether selection on certain market traits could drive selection on associated functional traits.<br>We found that overexploited birds are a distinct functional subset of the global songbird pool, with the trade disproportionately threatening large bodied, frugivorous, and seed eating birds. Across all songbirds, there were multiple non-random associations between market traits and functional traits, with the strongest associations observed among trade-threatened birds; this was consistent with our theory that consumer-driven selection on market traits could theoretically result in selection on functional traits. However, there was mixed evidence for this hypothesis at a global scale, suggesting that disproportionate threat to functional diversity may be more likely in regions where there is heavy demand for associated market traits. <br><em>Policy Implications:</em> Our results highlight the need for increased focus on the mechanistic drivers of trait-based selection on the consumer side of wildlife trade, and how patterns of overexploitation can systematically affect ecological communities and ecosystem services.</p>
Independence of mate choice components (choosiness and preference functions) in Hyla versicolor
<p>Mate choice is an important cause of natural and sexual selection, driving the evolution of ornaments and promoting diversification and speciation. Mate choice decisions arise from the interaction of several components, and knowledge of whether they interact, and how, is crucial for understanding their contributions to selection. Here we focus on the relationship between preference functions (attractiveness ranking of prospective mates) and choosiness (effort invested in obtaining the preferred mate) and test the hypothesis that they are independent components of mate choice decisions. We examine individual variation in preference functions and choosiness for call duration in female <em>Hyla versicolor </em>treefrogs, and show that measures describing preference functions and choosiness are not correlated. We also found a suggestive but inconclusive pattern that both components are influenced by different factors (body measures and hormones). Independence of preference and choosiness suggests that the joint study of variation in both components is required to gain a complete understanding of how mate choice contributes to sexual selection and speciation.</p>
Data for functional diversity and habitat preferences of native grassland plants and ground-dwelling invertebrates in private gardens along an urbanisation gradient
<p>Urbanisation influences biodiversity and ecosystem functions. However, private domestic gardens provide habitats for many species. Challenging conditions in urban gardens may support species possessing certain traits, but exclude other species. Functional diversity is therefore often altered in urban gardens. We surveyed native grassland plants and ground-dwelling invertebrates (snails, slugs, spiders, millipedes, woodlice, ants, rove beetles), and compiled data on urbanisation (distance to city centre, percentage of sealed area) and garden characteristics. We furthermore derived data on traits and habitat preferences for the species recorded in the gardens from the literature and own measurements. The survey comprised 35 domestic gardens along a rural-urban gradient in the city of Basel, Switzerland and its surroundings.</p>
Data from: WHAT DOES FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL REVEAL ABOUT SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN TERRESTRIAL FERNS' ENVIRONMENTAL PREFERENCES?
<p><span><strong>Questions</strong></span><span>: Our study focuses on the following questions: </span><span>1) Do the climatic and edaphic conditions of the Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest impact terrestrial ferns' functional diversity</span><span>? 2) Which morphological functional traits are most relevant for terrestrial ferns in response to climatic and edaphic changes? 3) If there are trait-environment relationships, what adaptive </span><span>eco-evolutionary </span><span>mechanisms can be inferred from them?</span></p> <p><span><strong>Study site</strong></span><span>: Subtropical Atlantic Forest, </span><span>encompassing </span><span>Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná States, Brazil.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Method</strong></span><span>: We analyzed </span><span>eleven</span><span> </span><span>morphological traits related to resistance, competitive advantage, and reproductive success. All traits were analyzed with and without phylogenetic correction to compute multi-trait functional diversity using </span><span>the standardized effect size of mean functional distance and functional composition via the community-weighted mean. Both metrics were weighted by the absolute frequency of species within sites. Subsequently, we identified the most influential climatic or </span><span>edaphic</span><span> drivers based on linear models. To assess the significance of trait-environment relationships, we employed </span><span>a </span><span>permutational</span><span> </span><span>approach</span><span>.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong></span><span>: The functional diversity of terrestrial ferns correlates with rainfall</span><span> and temperature, with subtle changes when</span><span> taking into account the phylogenetic relationship of species</span><span>. Similarly, competitive and reproductive traits were associated with</span><span> annual</span><span> rainfall</span><span> and rainfall seasonality</span><span>. However, most morphological traits vary independently of </span><span>edaphic</span><span> and climatic factors, regardless</span><span> of</span><span> whether phylogenetic relatedness is</span><span> considered or not. Few traits, specifically related to resistance and competition, were dispersed across the phylogeny and were not linked with any factor evaluated, leaving the question of their true determinants unanswered.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusions</strong></span><span>: Combining functional and phylogenetic information on terrestrial ferns indicates that species morphology response highly depends on the scale ob</span><span>served. Our analyses demonstrate that climatic and not edaphic factors are the primary drivers of trait diversity in terrestrial ferns within the Subtropical Atlantic Forest, influencing most evaluated traits.</span><span> These findings may help predict the distribution of terrestrial ferns amidst the increasing trend of land use and cover changes in the Atlantic Forest domain.</span></p>
Habitat preferences and functional traits drive longevity in Himalayan high-mountain plants
<p>Plant lifespan has important evolutionary, physiological, and ecological implications related to population persistence, community stability, and resilience to ongoing environmental change impacts. Although biologists have long been puzzled over the extraordinary variation in plant lifespan and its causes, our understanding of interspecific variability in plant lifespan and the key internal and external factors influencing longevity remains limited. Here, we demonstrate the concurrent impacts of environmental, morphological, physiological, and anatomical constraints on interspecific variation in longevity among >300 vascular dicot plant species naturally occurring at an elevation gradient (2800-6150 m) in the western Himalayas. First, we show that plant longevity (ranging from 1 to 100 years) is largely related to species' habitat preferences. Ecologically stressful habitats such as alpine and subnival host long-lived species, while productive ruderal and wetland habitats contain a higher proportion of shorter-lived species. Second, longevity is influenced by growth form with monocarpic forbs having the shortest lifespan and woody shrubs having the highest. Small-statured cushion plants with compact canopies and deep roots, most found on cold and infertile alpine and subnival soils, had a higher chance of achieving longevity. Third, plant traits reflecting plant adaptations to stress and disturbance affect interspecific differences in plant longevity. We show that longevity and growth are negatively correlated. Slow-growing species are those that have a higher chance of reaching a high age. Finally, higher longevity was associated with high leaf carbon and phosphorus, low root phosphorus and nitrogen, and with large bark-xylem ratio. Our findings suggest that plant longevity in high elevation is intricately determined by a combination of habitat preferences and growth form, as well as the plant growth rate and physiological processes.</p>
A Clinical Standardization Study of the Preferred Acupuncture Treatment Protocol to Treat Functional Constipation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00508482. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Does fortune follow function? Exploring how consumer preferences drive the functional trait composition of the global songbird trade
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Independence of mate choice components (choosiness and preference functions) in Hyla versicolor
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Habitat preferences and functional traits drive longevity in Himalayan high-mountain plants
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The relationship between a combinatorial processing rule and a continuous mate preference function in an insect
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Data from: Functional diversity and habitat preferences of native grassland plants and ground-dwelling invertebrates in private gardens along an urbanisation gradient
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Data from: Modality interactions alter the shape of acoustic mate preference functions in gray treefrogs
Sexual selection takes place in complex environments where females evaluating male mating signals are confronted with stimuli from multiple sources and modalities. The pattern of expression of female preferences may be influenced by interactions between modalities, changing the shape of female preference functions, and thus ultimately altering the selective landscape acting on male signal evolution. We tested the hypothesis that the responses of female gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor, to acoustic male advertisement calls are affected by interactions with visual stimuli. We measured preference functions for several call traits under two experimental conditions: unimodal (only acoustic signals presented), and multimodal (acoustic signals presented along with a video-animated calling male). We found that females were more responsive to multimodal stimulus presentations and, compared to unimodal playbacks, had weaker preferences for temporal call characteristics. We compared the preference functions obtained in these two treatments to the distribution of male call characteristics to make inferences on the strength and direction of selection expected to act on male calls. Modality interactions have the potential to influence the course of signal evolution and thus are an important consideration in sexual selection studies.
Interaction of Inflammation, Taste Perception and Preferences As a Function of Physical Activity and Body Composition
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06384365. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Structural manipulations of a shelter resource reveal underlying preference functions in a shell-dwelling cichlid fish
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Data from: On the architecture of mate choice decisions: preference functions and choosiness are distinct traits
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Data from: Plant functional traits reveal the relative contribution of habitat and food preferences to the diet of grasshoppers
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Data from: Modality interactions alter the shape of acoustic mate preference functions in gray treefrogs
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