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Long-term Hydrographic Mooring Data from the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Salinity Monitoring Program - Primary 30 Minute Observational Data
Conductivity, temperature and sub-surface water pressure were measured continuously at fixed hydrographic moorings distributed across the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER study area to document spatial and temporal variability of salinity and its relationship to water level and river discharge. Mooring locations were chosen to span the salinity gradient as well as to take advantage of existing physical infrastructure (e.g. docks or pilings) for mounting instruments and proximity to marsh study sites. Eight moorings were established between 2001 and 2003 to characterize salinity patterns in the three primary sounds in the GCE domain (Sapelo, Doboy and Altamaha), and a ninth mooring was added near a freshwater tidal forest along the Altamaha River in 2014. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately quarterly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms, and short-duration gaps (<6 hours) due to instrument swaps, quality control analysis or brief data interruptions were filled by interpolation. Long-duration gaps due to instrument or mooring loss were filled with null values to produce a monotonic time series. This data set includes cumulative 30 minute observations at all 9 moorings through 31-Dec-2022, and will be updated annually to include observations from the prior year.
Aboveground net primary productivity data for Saddle grid, 1992 - ongoing.
Total aboveground live vascular biomass was clipped from 50x20 cm plots in areas near the saddle grid permanent plots on Niwot Ridge to measure net primary productivity. NDVI measurements were also included in some years.
Aboveground net primary productivity calibration of indirect measurements, 2022 - 2023.
An aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) calibration of indirect measurements experiment was conducted in order to improve our method for estimating ANPP in the tundra. Multiple methods were used to indirectly and one to directly measure ANPP across tundra plant communities on Niwot Ridge.
Primary producer biomarker profiles of bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (SI), compound specific stable isotopes of carbon in essential amino acids (CSIA-EAA) and their fatty acid (FA) collected from the Beaufort Sea coastal lagoons,2021-2024
Within Stefansson Sound in Prudhoe Bay, AK various organic matter sources were collected to determine multiple biomarker baseline profiles (i.e., bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (SI), compound specific stable isotopes of carbon in essential amino acids (CSIA-EAA), fatty acids (FA)). Some organic matter sources were collected from Elson lagoon in Utqiaġvik, AK and Kaktovik and Jago lagoons in Kaktovik, AK to supplement low sample sizes in some organic matter source groups. Kelp, red algae, terrestrial plants, phytoplankton, and ice algae were collected in 2024 with some supplement samples collected in 2021 - 2023. Stable isotope values of δ13C and δ15N are reported as “del_13c” and “del_15n”, respectively. Individual fatty acids are reported as the percent relative to total fatty acids for 23 fatty acids: C11:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:1, C15:0, C16:0, C16:1n7, C17:0, C17:1, C18:0, C18:1n9 trans, C18:2n6 cis, C18:1n7, C18:3n3, C20:0, C18:3n6, C20:4n6, C21:0, C22:0, C22:1n9, C23:0, C24:0, C22:6n3. Stable isotope values of δ13C are reported in the following essential amino acids: Valine (Val), Leucine (Leu), iLeu (isoleucine), Methionine (Met), Phenylalanine (Phe). Additionally, we used ice algal diatoms collected in the Arctic (landfast ice near Utqiaġvik, Alaska) and cultured in a laboratory setting at the University of Alaska Fairbanks to compare the CSIA-EAA fingerprints of field (composites) ice algal samples and isolate diatoms samples.
LANDIS-II PnET Impacts of Warming on Forest Net Primary Productivity in New England 2010-2100
Climate warming is expected to lengthen growing seasons of temperate forest ecosystems and increase gross primary productivity. Simultaneously, warming is expected to increase summer ecosystem respiration, which could offset gains accrued from longer growing seasons. These responses have been observed during anomalously warm years, but the role of future climate change on phenological trade‐offs and how they affect net primary productivity (NPP) at regional scales in temperate forests remain unexplored. We simulated scenarios of climate change on monthly forest NPP throughout 18 million hectares of temperate forests in New England, USA, through year 2100. Using an ecophysiological model coupled to a forest landscape model, we simulated scenarios of climate change on monthly NPP. A high emission scenario (RCP 8.5), resulted in longer growing seasons that offset midsummer ecosystem respiration costs and produced greater annual NPP throughout the study landscape compared to simulations using the current climate. In spring and autumn months, temperature was positively associated with greater NPP; in summer months, the relationship was negative. Spatially, the greatest increase in NPP occurred in the warmer southern region under a warm climate scenario with increased precipitation. Under a warm scenario with drier conditions, the greatest increase in NPP occurred in the cooler northern region. Phenological trade‐offs will affect NPP of future forests and their potential to serve as a negative feedback to climate change. Barring other limitations, longer growing seasons will offset greater respiratory demands and contribute to increases in NPP throughout the temperate forests of New England in the future.
Seasonal non-destructive vegetation measurements at 15 net primary production (NPP) study sites at Jornada Basin LTER, 1989-ongoing
This data package contains non-destructive quadrat measurements collected for the long-term Net Primary Production (NPP) study at the Jornada Basin LTER. Data here include measurements of horizontal cover and vertical height of plants observed at permanent NPP quadrats at 15 study sites. Sites were selected to represent the 5 major ecosystem types in the Chihuahuan Desert (upland grasslands, playa grasslands, mesquite-dominated shrublands, creosotebush-dominated shrublands, tarbush-dominated shrublands). For each ecosystem type, three sites were selected to represent the range in variability in production and plant diversity; thus the locations are not replicates. All sites are excluded from domestic grazing. Eleven sites are in non-grazed pastures, and at the other four sites 1 hectare areas around the observational plots were fenced in 1988. At all sites a grid of 49 (48 at one playa location) 1m x 1m replicate quadrats was laid out when sampling began in 1989. Grids consist of 49 quadrats arranged in a square 7 x 7 pattern, with quadrats 10 m apart (P-COLL has 48 quadrats in a 3 x 16 pattern). Standing vegetation in quadrats is sampled three times a year: in winter (February - March), before shrubs begin spring growth; in spring (May), when shrubs and spring annuals have reached peak biomass; in fall (late summer; October), when summer annuals have reached peak biomass but before killing frosts. Additional observations of plant count and phenological stage are also made. This dataset is subsequently used to determine quadrat biomass and net primary production. Details and linked data packages are described in the methods element. This is an ongoing dataset with new quadrat measurements collected in the spring, fall and winter of each year. Attention: 1) For most species, these data are not appropriate for estimates of percentage cover because of the way the data are collected. See Note 1 in the methods element for further details.
North Temperate Lakes LTER Estimated winter inputs of stream water and groundwater to primary study lakes 1982 - 2014
This data set integrates and summarizes daily surface and groundwater inputs to 5 primary study lakes, using model estimates from a data-driven USGS hydrologic model (Hunt et al. 2013; Hunt and Walker 2017), and ice phenology data (number of days since ice-on). The lakes are Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, and Trout. Powers et al. (2017) used these data to estimate upper and lower bounds for exogenous chemical inputs to the lakes during winter. For a given lake and winter year, cumulative surface water and groundwater inputs were calculated across the ice cover period. For each lake, this data set reports the mean, maximum, and minimum winter water inputs observed across years, in units of water volume, % of average lake volume, and volume per winter day. Sampling Frequency: 1 per lake, with multiple summary values reported (i.e., mean, min, max). Number of sites: 5. Hunt, R.J. et al., 2013. Simulation of Climate - Change effects on streamflow, Lake water budgets, and stream temperature using GSFLOW and SNTEMP, Trout Lake Watershed, Wisconsin. USGS Scientific Investigations Report., pp.2013-5159. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258363719_Simulation_of_Climate... Hunt, R.J., and Walker, J.F., 2017, GSFLOW groundwater-surface water model 2016 update for the Trout Lake Watershed, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7M32SZ2. Powers SM, Labou SG, Baulch HM, Hunt RJ, Lottig NR, Hampton SE, Stanley EH. In press (expected 2017). Ice duration drives winter nitrate accumulation in north temperate lakes. Limnology and Oceanography Letters.
North Temperate Lakes LTER Long-term winter chemical limnology and days since ice-on for primary study lakes 1982 - 2014
This data set integrates long-term data sets on winter nutrient chemistry with ice phenology (number of days since ice-on), focusing on the subset of measurements taken during ice cover. Parameters characterizing limnology of 5 primary lakes (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, and Trout lakes, are measured at one station in the deepest part of each lake at the surface, middle, and deep (~1 meter above bottom). These parameters include nitrate-N, ammonium-N, total dissolved phosphorus, dissolved inorganic carbon, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen values are the zonal averages from more complete depth profiles. Sampling Frequency: every 6 weeks during ice-covered season for the northern lakes. Number of sites: 5
Discharge time series for the primary inflow tributary entering Falling Creek Reservoir, Vinton, Virginia, USA 2013-2025
Discharge rates and water temperature of the primary inflow tributary into Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia, USA), also known as Tunnel Branch, were measured at a gauged weir on a 15-minute temporal resolution from May 2013 to December 2025. The gauged weir is located at 37.30858, -79.83494. Falling Creek Reservoir is a drinking water supply reservoir owned and managed by the Western Virginia Water Authority (WVWA). The dataset consists of water temperatures and discharge rates calculated from a pressure transducer deployed by the WVWA in a rectangular weir (15 May 2013 - 06 June 2019) and in a v-notched weir (07 June 2019 - 31 December 2025). From 07 June 2019 to 31 December 2025, water temperature and discharge data were also collected from a Virginia Tech-deployed (VT) pressure transducer installed in the same weir. The dataset is accompanied by a sensor maintenance log and quality assurance/quality control analysis scripts.
Size-Fractionated Chlorophyll a, Primary Productivity, and Photosynthetic Physiological Parameters of Phytoplankton in the Cosmonaut Sea, Southern Ocean, During Summer 2022
This dataset provides vertical distribution profiles of size-fractionated phytoplankton parameters measured in the Cosmonaut Sea, a marginal ice zone in the Southern Ocean, during the austral summer of 2022. Sampling was conducted across multiple stations spanning latitudes from approximately 33°N to 60°N and longitudes from -62°E to -67°E, focusing on surface and subsurface waters up to depths of about 40 meters. The data capture key aspects of phytoplankton physiology and productivity in this dynamic polar environment, influenced by seasonal ice melt and nutrient availability. Parameters include chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl a), primary productivity indicators such as maximum photosynthetic rates (PBm), photosynthetic efficiency (α), saturation irradiance (Ek), and integrated gross primary productivity (IGPPeu), all differentiated by size fractions: net phytoplankton (>20 μm), nano- and pico-phytoplankton (<20 μm), and total community. Additional measurements encompass photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and mixed layer depths, providing context for light and stratification effects on phytoplankton dynamics. Data were derived from in situ incubations and fluorometric analyses, with values reported for discrete depths at each station to highlight vertical gradients in biomass and photosynthetic performance. This completed dataset is particularly valuable for studies on polar marine ecosystems, carbon cycling, and climate-driven changes in phytoplankton communities, offering insights into how size-structured assemblages respond to environmental gradients in the Southern Ocean. It does not include taxonomic details beyond general phytoplankton groupings but emphasizes physiological metrics for modeling primary production in ice-influenced regions.
Chlorophyll a and primary productivity data for various lakes near Toolik Research Station, Alaska, Arctic LTER. Summer 2010 to 2020
Decadal file describing the chlorophyll a and primary production in various lakes near Toolik Research Station (68 38'N, 149 36'W) during summers from 2010 to 2020. Sample site descriptors include an assigned number (sortchem), site, date of analysis (incubation), time, depth and rates of primary production. The amount of chlorophyll a and pheophytin were also measured.
Chlorophyll A, and primary productivity of Toolik lake , Arctic LTER 1975 to 1988, Toolik Field Station, Alaska.
Chlorophyll A, and primary productivity of Toolik lake 1975 - 1988. Water samples were taken weekly from Toolik lake. The sampling depths for the Control side were 0, 1, 3, 5, and 6 meters and the Treatment side were 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 meters.
Seasonal aboveground plant biomass estimates at 15 net primary production (NPP) study sites at Jornada Basin LTER from 1989-ongoing
This data package contains aboveground vegetation cover, volume, and calculated biomass values at the 15 Net Primary Production (NPP) study sites on Jornada Experimental Range (JER) and Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) lands. Sites were selected to represent the 5 major ecosystem types in the Chihuahuan Desert (upland grasslands, playa grasslands, mesquite-dominated shrublands, creosotebush-dominated shrublands, tarbush-dominated shrublands). For each ecosystem type, three sites were selected to represent the range in variability in production and plant diversity; thus the locations are not replicates. All sites are excluded from domestic grazing. Eleven sites are in non-grazed pastures, and at the other four sites 1 hectare areas around the observational plots were fenced in 1988. At all sites a grid of 49 (48 at one playa location) 1m x 1m replicate quadrats was laid out when sampling began in 1989. For each quadrat, aboveground biomass has been calculated from two data sources: 1) non-destructive horizontal cover and vertical height measurements of individual plants, or plant parts, within each quadrat, and 2) linear regression coefficients for each plant species derived from off-quadrat cover, height, and harvested biomass measurements. Non-destructive measurements (1) are taken during winter, spring, and fall measurement campaigns, then aggregated by species for each quadrat, and resulting dimensions are used to calculate species biomass (grams) by quadrat and season using using the species-specific regression coefficients derived from dataset 2. This is the most detailed biomass dataset available and can be used to derive values of net primary production between seasons or annually. Each dataset record contains calculated biomass (and related variables) by species, quadrat, season, and site. Data collection is ongoing with new observations in spring, fall, and winter of each year, but this data package may be updated less frequently. Attenti
Annual mean estimates of aboveground net primary production (NPP) at 15 sites at Jornada Basin LTER, 1989-ongoing
This package contains values of mean annual aboveground net primary production (NPP, in grams per square meter per year) at 15 NPP study sites on Jornada Experimental Range (JER) and Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) lands. Sites were selected to represent the 5 major ecosystem types in the Chihuahuan Desert (upland grasslands, playa grasslands, mesquite-dominated shrublands, creosotebush-dominated shrublands, tarbush-dominated shrublands). For each ecosystem type, three sites were selected to represent the range in variability in production and plant diversity; thus the locations are not replicates. All sites are excluded from domestic grazing. Eleven sites are in non-grazed pastures, and at the other four sites 1 hectare areas around the observational plots were fenced in 1988. At all sites a grid of 49 (48 at one playa location) 1m x 1m replicate quadrats was laid out when sampling began in 1989. In fall, winter, and spring periods aboveground biomass was calculated for each species and quadrat at each NPP site. These calculations rely on two data sources: 1) non-destructive horizontal cover and vertical height measurements of individual plants, or plant parts, within each quadrat, and 2) linear regression coefficients for each plant species derived from off-quadrat cover, height, and harvested biomass measurements. NPP is then calculated as the positive biomass increment between seasons. The annual totals in this dataset are derived by summing mean site NPP values for winter (October - February), spring (February - May), and fall (May - October) increments for a single calendar year. Data collection is ongoing with new annual NPP values calculated after the conclusion of each growing season. Attention: 1) Calculated values in this data package have changed over time as the methodology for estimating biomass has changed. If you are updating or adding to an earlier analysis of these data we recommend consulting with the dataset authors or a Jorna
Seasonal reference harvest measurements of vegetation at 15 net primary production (NPP) study sites at Jornada Basin LTER, 1989-ongoing
This data package contains reference harvest measurements for the long-term Net Primary Production (NPP) study at the Jornada Basin LTER. Data here include horizontal cover, vertical height, and aboveground biomass of plants harvested near, but outside, a grid of permanent NPP quadrats at each of 15 NPP sites. These sites were selected to represent the 5 major ecosystem types in the Chihuahuan Desert (upland grasslands, playa grasslands, mesquite-dominated shrublands, creosotebush-dominated shrublands, tarbush-dominated shrublands). For each ecosystem type, three sites were selected to represent the range in variability in production and plant diversity; thus the locations are not replicates. All sites are excluded from domestic grazing. Eleven sites are in non-grazed pastures, and at the other four sites 1 hectare areas around the observational plots were fenced in 1988. At all sites a grid of 49 (48 at one playa location) 1m x 1m replicate quadrats was laid out when sampling began in 1989. Harvests are made outside the quadrat grid, but inside the fence. Height and cover are recorded in the field. Live biomass is weighed in the lab and all measurements are recorded as reference harvest data. Subsequently, regressions between the harvested biomass and plant volume values are used to derive allometric equations that determine biomass from non-destructive volume measurements in the permanent NPP quadrats. Further details are described in the methods metadata. This is an ongoing study with new harvest data (from selected species) collected in the spring, fall, and winter each year. Attention: These data are not appropriate for estimates of percentage cover because of the way the data are collected.
Annual Aboveground Net Primary Productivity by plant functional groups across grassland-shrubland ecotones at 3 sites in the Jornada Basin, 2006-ongoing
The objective of this ongoing study is to investigate how pulses of precipitation translate into pulses of plant aboveground net primary productivity (NPP) across grassland to shrubland ecotones in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. This dataset consists of annual aboveground net primary productivity estimates by plant functional groups in three habitat vegetation zones (grassland, ecotone, and shrubland) at three grassland-to-shrubland ecotone sites in the Jornada Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, USA. The annual ANPP estimates are derived from plant cover measurements (see methods). Due to its growth form, Yucca elata (YUEL), in the leaf succulent functional group, has been found to produce large errors in interyear biomass estimates. This data package separates biomass estimates for YUEL and non-YUEL leaf succulents so that users can decide whether to combine them or keep them separate. In general, the authors recommend against using the YUEL estimates for most purposes. Data collection is ongoing with new observations in spring and fall of each year; data from both annual sampling times are required to estimate annual ANPP.
Total Annual Aboveground Net Primary Productivity across grassland-shrubland ecotones at 3 sites in the Jornada Basin, 2006-ongoing
The objective of this ongoing study is to investigate how pulses of precipitation translate into pulses of plant aboveground net primary productivity (NPP) across grassland to shrubland ecotones in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. This dataset consists of annual aboveground net primary productivity estimates in three habitat vegetation zones (grassland, ecotone, and shrubland) at three grassland-to-shrubland ecotone sites in the Jornada Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, USA. The annual ANPP estimates are derived from plant cover measurements (see methods). Due to its growth form, Yucca elata (YUEL) has been found to produce large errors in interyear biomass estimates. This data package contains annual ANPP estimates both with and without YUEL, but the authors strongly recommend using the non-YUEL estimates for most purposes. Data collection is ongoing with new observations in spring and fall of each year; data from both annual sampling times are required to estimate annual ANPP.
PAB01 Aboveground net primary productivity of tallgrass prairie based on accumulated plant biomass on core LTER watersheds (001d, 004b, 020b)
Data set contains estimates of end-of-season standing crop biomass (grams per square meter) of live graminoids, forbs, woody plants, and previous year's dead vegetation for 2 soil types (shallow and deep) on three core LTER watersheds representing three fire frequency treatments. Twenty quadrats (0.1 square meters) are harvested for each soil/treatment type. NOTE: Early (April) and mid-season (July) biomass was collected from 1983-1988, and these data are available by request.
PRP01 Konza prairie long term restoration study of aboveground annual net primary productivity (ANPP)
The experiment is a randomized complete block design with four whole plot hetereogeneity treatments replicated within each of four blocks (n=16 whole plots). The whole plot treatments were created using different combinations of soil depth and nutrient manipulations. The control plots contained no depth or nutrient manipulations. The 'maximum hetereogeneity' plots contained three 2 m x 8 m vertical strips assigned to ambient, enriched and reduced N treatments and four 2 m x 6 m horizontal strips assigned to deep and shallow soil to result in six treatment combinations. The maximum heterogeneity plots are a split-block design. Each plot contained 12 subplots (2 m x 2 m) for sampling. All of the plots had surface soil temporarily removed to a depth of approximately 25 cm and natural limestone slabs were laid in strips assigned to the shallow soil treatment. The soil from all plots was then replaced, leveled, and disked (2-3 cm deep). In February 1998, we incorporated sawdust (49% C; C:N ratio=122) into the strips assigned to the reduced-N treatment. The average C concentration and bulk density in the surface 15 cm following long-term cultivation was 1.5% and 1.2 g cm-3, respectively. Sawdust was tilled into the soil at a rate of 5.5 kg dry wt./m2 to achieve a C concentration representative of native prairie soil (approx.3% C). Surface applications of granular sugar were initiated in 2004 at a rate of 200 g sucrose m-2 (84.22 g C/m2) 3-4 times each growing season. Strips assigned to the enriched-N treatment were fertilized with 5 g N m2/y (applied as ammonium-nitrate) in July of the first growing season and early June of each subsequent year.
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Primary Production - Trout Lake Area 1986 - 2007
Crystal, Sparkling and Trout lakes are sampled approximately fortnightly throughout the ice free period and water is returned to the lab for 3 hour in vivo incubations at ambient temperature. On an annual rotation, one of the lakes is sampled to the bottom of the photic zone (ie. 0.5% of surface light) while only the epilimnion of the other 2 lakes is sampled. All samples are integrated by thermal layer and 14C uptake is deternimed at 10 light levels using a metal-halide lamp. All samples are acidified and bubbled before liquid scintillation counting and uptake is dark bottle corrected. DIC and chlorophyll are also measured. Each P-I (photosynthetic uptake vs irradiance ) set is further reduced to 3 parameters (alpha, beta, and Pmax) based on the work of Platt 1980. In addition, thermal information and lake light transparency profiles (collected approximately fortnightly on these three LTER lakes) along with daily incident PAR at 30 minute intervals (measured at Noble F. Lee Municipal Airport, Woodruff, WI) provide input to a mechanistic model of lake primary productivity. Primary productivity for a lake is calculated from productivity parameters derived from the laboratory uptake experiments, coupled with the lakes' thermal and light regimes. 1. PI parameters: Productivity (P), as a function of irradiance (I), is described by a hyperbolic tangent curve with three parameters (Platt 1980). The three parameters describe the initial slope of the curve, the I at which maximum P occurs, and the decay rate of P, following maximum P. All three parameters are fit simultaneously to laboratory observations, using minimization of a least squares objective function (Matlab v. 6, Mathworks, Inc.). The parameters allow for the calculation of P, as a function of I, for a given thermal stratum of a given lake on a given day. 2. LEC: Light extinction coefficients (LEC) for each lake are calculated as the slope of the best fit line through the natural logs of observations of light at
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