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34 results for “Production landscapes”
Data from: Quantifying nectar production by flowering plants in urban and rural landscapes
<p>Floral resources (nectar and pollen) provide food for insect pollinators but have declined in the countryside due to land use change. Given widespread pollinator loss, it is important that we quantify their food supply to help develop conservation actions. While nectar resources have been measured in rural landscapes, equivalent data are lacking for urban areas, an important knowledge gap as towns and cities often host diverse pollinator populations.</p> <p>We quantified the nectar supply of urban areas, farmland and nature reserves in the UK by combining floral abundance and nectar sugar production data for 536 flowering plant taxa, allowing us to compare landscape types and assess the spatial distribution of nectar sugar among land uses within cities.</p> <p>The magnitude of nectar sugar production did not differ significantly among the three landscapes. In urban areas the nectar supply was more diverse in origin and predominantly delivered by non-native flowering plants. Within cities, urban land uses varied greatly in nectar sugar production. Gardens provided the most nectar sugar per unit area and 85% of all nectar at a city scale, while gardens and allotments produced the most diverse supplies of nectar sugar. Floral abundance, commonly used as a proxy for pollinators' food supply, correlated strongly with nectar resources, but left a substantial proportion of the variation in nectar supply unexplained.</p> <p>Synthesis. We show that urban areas are hotspots of floral resource diversity rather than quantity and their nectar supply is underpinned by the contribution of residential gardens. Individual gardeners have an important role to play in pollinator conservation as ornamental plants, usually non-native in origin, are a key source of nectar in towns and cities.</p>
Landscape structure and farming management interacts to modulate pollination supply and crop production in blueberries
<p><span>Pollination services are affected by landscape context, farming management, and pollinator community structure, all of which impact flower visitation rates, pollen deposition and final production. We studied these processes in Argentina for Highbush Blueberry crops which depend on pollinators to produce marketable yields. </span></p> <p><span>We studied how land cover and honeybee stocking influence the abundance of wild and managed pollinators in blueberry crops, using structural equation modeling to disentangle the cascading effects through which pollinators contribute to blueberry fruit number, size, nutritional content and overall yield. </span></p> <p><span>All pollinator functional groups responded to landscape changes at a spatial scale under 1000 m, and the significance or direction of the effects were modulated by the field-level deployment of honeybee hives. </span></p> <p><span>Fruit diameter increased with pollen deposited, but decreased with honeybee abundance, which, had indirect effects on fruit acidity and sugar content. Honeybees had a positive effect on the number of fruit produced by the plants and also benefited the overall yield (kg plant</span><sup><span>-1</span></sup><span>) through independent effects on both the quality and quantity components of fruit production.</span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis and applications:</em> </span></p> <p><span>Deployment of beehives in blueberry fields can buffer, but not compensate for the negative effects on honeybee abundance produced by surrounding large scale none-flowering crops. Such compensation would require high-quality beehives by monitoring their health and strength.</span> <span>The </span><span>contribution of honeybees to crop production is not equal across production metrics. That is, higher abundance of honeybees increases the number of berries produced, but at the cost of smaller and more acidic fruits, potentially reducing market value. Growers must consider this trade-off between fruit quantity and quality when actively managing honeybee abundance. </span></p>
Organizing the fragmented landscape of multidisciplinary product development: A mapping of approaches, processes, methods and tools from the scientific literature - Searchable cartographies
<p>This document gathers cartographies for the development of mechatronic products, cyber-physical systems and smart products. The three cartographies presented are associated with an open-access article – see the citation box below – and differ from the ones provided in the article in that they are searchable, which makes it easier to pinpoint references, concepts and techniques. This document comprises a legend, the cartographies and a list of associated references. </p> <p>To contextualize the cartographies, the integration of digital and connectivity technologies in new products can invite companies to adapt their development. Organizing the fragmented landscape of multidisciplinary product development to help companies navigate the dense scientific literature corpus is a first step in supporting them in doing so. Multidisciplinary product development can be investigated by analyzing specific types of products that deal with both software and hardware development and can be referred to as cyber-physical systems, mechatronics, and smart products and systems in the literature. To support their development, 236 “concepts and techniques” (an expression that encompasses approaches, processes, methods and tools) were identified from 167 scientific papers through an extensive literature review and organized based on a four-level model paired with a decision tree. The mapping of the sorted concepts and techniques made it possible to generate graphical representations called “cartographies.” These cartographies represent a database of concepts and techniques for multidisciplinary product development and serve to support companies in their transformation from the product development perspective by providing them with a general overview of the related literature.</p>
Data from: Riparian reforestation on the landscape scale – Navigating trade-offs among agricultural production, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity
<p> </p> <p><strong>Short description</strong></p> <p>This repository contains the relevant data and code used for the analyses of the scientific publication: "<em>Riparian reforestation on the landscape scale – Navigating trade-offs among agricultural production, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity</em>", published in the Journal of Applied Ecology.</p> <p>For further details please see the original article and its supplementary materials.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Organization of the data</strong></p> <p>The repository contains two main folders:</p> <p> 1. Target indicators & spatial analysis</p> <p><em>‘target indicators.csv’</em>: Measured variables that have been quantified at the CROSSLINK field sampling campaign in the Zwalm catchment (EPT taxa richness, diatoms functional evenness, cotton-strip assay).</p> <p><em>‘bio-suitability segments.csv’</em>: Biophysical suitability for food production of the arable land for each riparian segment of the Zwalm.</p> <p><em>‘spatial analysis.xlsx’</em>: Results of the Zwalm spatial analyses addressing land-use and physiographic properties of the (1) local riparian corridors; (2) full riparian corridors within in the upstream catchments and (3) total upstream catchment areas for each sampling site.</p> <p><em>‘Summary model development Zwalm.pptx’</em>: Additional information on the models that have been used in the CoMOLA optimization framework.</p> <p> 2. CoMOLA input & parameterisation</p> <p>The files in this folder can be used for the parameterisation of the Python tool CoMOLA (Strauch et al., 2019). Source for CoMOLA, including user manual: https://github.com/michstrauch/CoMOLA</p> <p><em>‘config.ini’</em>: Basic configuration file of CoMOLA (needs to be adjusted to local settings)</p> <p><em>‘input’ folder</em>: Includes the CoMOLA input files that have been used in our study. See CoMOLA manual for more details on each file.</p> <p><em>‘models’ folder</em>: Includes the Python code of the models that are used for the calculation of all target indicators within the optimization framework (‘Zwalm_4_Models_v1_utf8.py’). The sub-folders ‘GIS_temp_files’ and ‘Input’ contain all files that are needed and have been used to run the Python code.</p> <p> </p>
Nectar values from: Quantifying nectar production by flowering plants in urban and rural landscapes
<p>Floral resources (nectar and pollen) provide food for insect pollinators but have declined in the countryside due to land use change. Given widespread pollinator loss, it is important that we quantify their food supply to help develop conservation actions. While nectar resources have been measured in rural landscapes, equivalent data are lacking for urban areas, an important knowledge gap as towns and cities often host diverse pollinator populations.</p> <p>We quantified the nectar supply of urban areas, farmland and nature reserves in the UK by combining floral abundance and nectar sugar production data for 536 flowering plant taxa, allowing us to compare landscape types and assess the spatial distribution of nectar sugar among land uses within cities.</p> <p>The magnitude of nectar sugar production did not differ significantly among the three landscapes. In urban areas the nectar supply was more diverse in origin and predominantly delivered by non-native flowering plants. Within cities, urban land uses varied greatly in nectar sugar production. Gardens provided the most nectar sugar per unit area and 85% of all nectar at a city scale, while gardens and allotments produced the most diverse supplies of nectar sugar. Floral abundance, commonly used as a proxy for pollinators' food supply, correlated strongly with nectar resources, but left a substantial proportion of the variation in nectar supply unexplained.</p> <p>Synthesis. We show that urban areas are hotspots of floral resource diversity rather than quantity and their nectar supply is underpinned by the contribution of residential gardens. Individual gardeners have an important role to play in pollinator conservation as ornamental plants, usually non-native in origin, are a key source of nectar in towns and cities.</p>
Data from: Quantifying nectar production by flowering plants in urban and rural landscapes
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Landscape structure and farming management interacts to modulate pollination supply and crop production in blueberries
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Nectar values from: Quantifying nectar production by flowering plants in urban and rural landscapes
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Landscape diversity is correlated with satellite-sensed primary productivity in North America
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Improving landscape-scale productivity estimates by integrating trait-based models and remotely-sensed foliar-trait and canopy-structural data
Assessing the impacts of anthropogenic degradation and climate change on global carbon cycling is hindered by a lack of clear, flexible, and easy-to-use productivity models along with scarce trait and productivity data for parameterizing and testing those models. We provide a simple solution: a mechanistic framework (RS-CFM) that combines remotely-sensed foliar-trait and canopy-structural data with trait-based metabolic theory to efficiently map productivity at large spatial scales. We test this framework by quantifying net primary productivity (NPP) at high-resolution (0.01-ha) in hyper-diverse Peruvian tropical forests (30,040 hectares) along a 3,322-m elevation gradient. Our analysis captures hotspots and elevational shifts in productivity more accurately and in greater detail than alternative empirical- and process-based models that use plant functional types. This result exposes how high-resolution, location-specific variation in traits and light competition drive variability in productivity, opening up possibilities to fully harness remote sensing data and reliably scale up from traits to map global productivity in a more direct, efficient, and cost-effective manner.
Ecological drivers of avian diversity in a subtropical landscape: effects of habitat diversity, primary productivity and anthropogenic disturbance
<p>Understanding the roles of ecological drivers in shaping biodiversity is fundamental for conservation practice. In this study, we explored the effects of elevation, conservation status, primary productivity, habitat diversity, and anthropogenic disturbance (represented by human population density and birding history) on taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional avian diversity in a subtropical landscape in southeastern China. We conducted bird surveys using 1-km transects across a total of 30 sites, of which 10 sites were located within a natural reserve. Metrics of functional diversity were calculated based on six functional traits (body mass, clutch size, dispersal ratio, sociality, diet and foraging stratum). We built simultaneous autoregression models to assess the association between the ecological factors and diversity of the local avian communities. Local avian diversity generally increased with increasing habitat diversity, human population density and primary productivity. We also detected phylogenetic and functional clustering in these communities, suggesting that the avian assemblages were structured mainly by environmental filtering, rather than interspecific competition. Compared to sites outside the natural reserve, sites within the natural reserve had relatively lower avian diversity but a higher level of phylogenetic heterogeneity.</p>
Sex, landscape diversity and primary productivity shape the seasonal space use of a migratory European raptor
Intrinsic and extrinsic drivers shape the space use of wide-ranging raptors. A large proportion of raptors are migrants that shift their activity ranges between summer and winter habitats, where they encounter different environmental conditions. Analysing the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic drivers on the space use in summer and winter habitats provides crucial insights into the ecology of migratory raptors. Here, we investigated the seasonal space use by 43 red kites (Milvus milvus) tracked by GPS-transmitters across central and south-western Europe over seven years. We compared space use patterns, i.e., activity range sizes and mean daily distances of the birds between summer and winter, and analysed the influence of extrinsic (landscape diversity, primary productivity) and intrinsic factors (sex). Within summer, we investigated the influence of breeding success and sex on activity range sizes. We further analysed differences in habitat availability and habitat selection between seasons. We found that space use was smaller in summers than in winters. When compared to those of males, activity ranges of female red kites were larger in summers and smaller in winters, with shorter mean daily distances in both seasons. Within summer, successfully breeding red kites had smaller activity range sizes in both sexes, but this effect was stronger in females than in males. Regardless of the season, landscape diversity was positively correlated with space use, whereas primary productivity was negatively correlated with it. The habitat use differed between seasons, with agricultural landscapes being less proportionally used in summers than in winters. Overall, we showed that both intrinsic and extrinsic drivers shaped space use in both the seasons, leading to differences in space use patterns and habitat use in migratory raptors between their summer and winter habitats. Our findings underline the importance of consideration of the entire annual cycle of migratory species for conservation management.
Disentangling the interrelated abiotic and biotic pathways linking landscape composition and crop production
<p><span>Landscape composition and its related functional agrobiodiversity (FAB) was severely simplified during the last decades. As landscape composition is expected to influence the interrelated microclimate and arthropod community at different scales, this simplification might have led to a decline in multiple agro-ecosystem services, with potential impacts for the growth of crops with different demands from the environment. </span></p> <p><span>To study landscape-scale effects on multi-crop yield and herbivory in combination with its potential drivers, including functional arthropod community and microclimate, we used standardised 1 m² mini-gardens planted with ten different vegetable crops as phytometers. The gardens were installed at locations varying in surrounding landscape composition and </span><span>the vegetables were selected to have contrasting requirements in terms of growing conditions, pollination services, and susceptibility to pests. Monitoring of the mini-gardens was performed in 2018 and 2019 in Flanders (Belgium). </span></p> <p><span>We found no relationship between landscape composition in a 500 meter radius and crop yield. Considering possible mechanisms, we found that an increasing share of woody vegetation (> 3 m high) in the surrounding landscape is important to buffer the temperature and soil moisture variation in the mini-gardens. The share of agricultural land use and urban green (< 3 m high) is, respectively, positively and negatively related with the activity-density of natural enemies and pollinators. The growth of different crops responded differently to higher temperature ranges and we found no relation between natural enemies and herbivory. In conclusion, these abiotic and biotic pathways did not cause an overall relationship between landscape composition and yield.</span></p>
Landscape determinants of lake benthic and pelagic primary production
<p>Global change affects gross primary production (GPP) in benthic and pelagic habitats of northern lakes by influencing catchment characteristics and lake water biogeochemistry. However, how changes in key environmental drivers manifest and impact total (i.e., benthic + pelagic) GPP and the partitioning of total GPP between habitats, here represented by the benthic share (autotrophic structuring) is unclear. This dataset presentes compiled data on summer gross primary productivity (GPP) in benthic and pelagic habitats sampled <em>in situ</em> between 2005-2017, together with water chemistry, from 26 shallow lakes (maximum 3.7-15.8 m deep) from three different sites in northern Sweden, located in the Arctic (Norrbotten), subarctic (Jämtland) and boreal (Västerbotten) biomes. The three study regions have variable elevation gradients and vegetation cover. The study lakes cover a wide range of DOC (1.5-16.3 mg·L<sup>-1</sup>) and accompanied water physico-chemistry.</p> <p>Using this dataset, we investigate how catchment properties (air temperature, land cover, hydrology) affect lake physico-chemistry and patterns of total GPP and autotrophic structuring. We find that total GPP was mostly light limited, due to high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations originating from catchment soils with coniferous vegetation and wetlands, which is further promoted by high catchment runoff. In contrast, autotrophic structuring related mostly to the relative size of the benthic habitat, and was potentially modified by CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization. Across Arctic and subarctic sites, DIC and CO<sub>2</sub> were unrelated to DOC, indicating that external inputs of inorganic carbon can influence lake productivity patterns independent of terrestrial DOC supply. By comparison, DOC and CO<sub>2</sub> were correlated across boreal lakes, suggesting that DOC mineralization acts as an important CO<sub>2</sub> source for these sites.</p> <p>Our results underline that GPP as a resource is regulated by landscape properties, and is sensitive to large-scale global changes (warming, hydrological intensification, recovery of acidification) that promote changes in catchment characteristics and aquatic physico-chemistry. Our findings aid in predicting global change impacts on autotrophic structuring, and thus community structure and resource use of aquatic consumers in general. Given the similarities of global changes across the Northern hemisphere, our findings are likely relevant for northern lakes globally. </p>
Fire size and vegetation productivity shape bird diversity across burned landscapes in the Atlantic Forest
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Ecological drivers of avian diversity in a subtropical landscape: effects of habitat diversity, primary productivity and anthropogenic disturbance
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Sex, landscape diversity and primary productivity shape the seasonal space use of a migratory European raptor
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Disentangling the interrelated abiotic and biotic pathways linking landscape composition and crop production
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Improving landscape-scale productivity estimates by integrating trait-based models and remotely-sensed foliar-trait and canopy-structural data
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Data from: Predicting disease risk areas through co-production of spatial models: the example of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India’s forest landscapes
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